-NAʼ
Navajo
Etymology 1
From Proto-Athabaskan *na (“to live, to move, to work”). Related to -NÁÁʼ (“to move”) and to -NÁÁD (“to last”). Maybe originating in several distinct roots.
Cognate root found in Ahtna ghetnaa (“he is working”), Chipewyan ɣɛna (“he is alive”), Carrier nelnaʼ (“to be slow, sluggish”).
Root
-NAʼ
1. to live
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hi + Ø | adjectival | S is alive
| |||||
hi + Ø | S comes to life
| S brings O to life, generates O
|
2. to last, to endure (supplies)
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
di + Ø | operative | S lasts
|
3. to act slowly
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
di + l | motion? | S acts slowly
|
Stem set
Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -naah | -naʼ | -naah | -naał | -naah |
DUR / CONT | -naʼ | -naʼ | -naah | -naał | -naʼ |
NEUT | -ná | - | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
to live, to come to life:
- -CHĮ́
- -DÉÉL
- -DĮĮD
- -GHAN
to last, to endure:
- -NAʼ (FFO moves)
Antonyms
to die:
- -DĮĮD
- -NÁ
- -TSĄ́
to run out, to exhaust:
- -CHĄ́Ą́ʼ
- -DĮĮD
- -NAʼ
Derived terms
Navajo terms belonging to the root -NAʼ (live)
Navajo terms belonging to the root -NAʼ (act slowly)
Etymology 2
From Proto-Athabaskan *nə̓q’ (“to swallow”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna itełnaʼ (“he swallowed it”).
Root
-NAʼ
- to swallow, to regurgitate, to choke
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + ł | motion | S swallows
| |||||
ni + l | ? | S chokes
|
Stem set
Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DUR / CONT | -naʼ | -naʼ | -naah | -naał | -naʼ |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
to regurgitate:
- -KWI
Derived terms
Navajo terms belonging to the root -NAʼ (swallow)
Etymology 3
From Proto-Athabaskan *nəɢ, with a wide semantic range including “a flat flexible object (as sheets) moves”, “to last, to endure, to become tired”.
Compare with -NAʼ above for the meaning "to last, to endure".
Cognate root found in Ahtna naghinak (“(a blanket) fell down”), łdaniniłnak (“it lasted a long time”), taatnak (“he is tired”).
Root
-NAʼ
1. FFO moves, falls (blanket, surface of water)
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | motion | FFO moves
| |||||
Ø | successive | FFO flaps, bounces
| |||||
di + ł | ? | S infects P
| |||||
ni + ł | motion? | S lasts, runs out; S wilts, tires out
|
2. to crawl, to creep
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
d | motion | S crawls
| S stands O up
|
Stem set
Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -nééh | -naʼ | -nah | -nah | -nééh |
CONT | -nah | -naʼ | -nah | -nah | -nééh |
REP | -nah | - | - | - | - |
SEM | -nah | -nah | -nah | -nah | -nah |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
to crawl, to creep:
- -DLOOZH
to wilt:
- -GAN
to last, to endure:
- -NAʼ (live)
to run out, to exhaust:
- -CHĄ́Ą́ʼ
- -DĮĮD
Derived terms
Navajo terms belonging to the root -NAʼ (FFO moves)
Navajo terms belonging to the root -NAʼ (crawl)