naufrager
French
Etymology
From Latin naufragāre, present active infinitive of naufragō (“I become shipwrecked”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /no.fʁa.ʒe/
Audio (file)
Verb
naufrager
- (archaic, intransitive, of a vessel) to sink, go down
- Synonyms: couler, faire naufrage, sombrer
- (intransitive, of a person) to be on a sinking vessel, go down
- (intransitive, figuratively) to be on a sinking ship
Conjugation
This is a regular -er verb, but the stem is written naufrage- before endings that begin with -a- or -o- (to indicate that the -g- is a "soft" /ʒ/ and not a "hard" /ɡ/). This spelling-change occurs in all verbs in -ger, such as neiger and manger.
Conjugation of naufrager (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | naufrager | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | naufrageant /no.fʁa.ʒɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | naufragé /no.fʁa.ʒe/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | naufrage /no.fʁaʒ/ | naufrages /no.fʁaʒ/ | naufrage /no.fʁaʒ/ | naufrageons /no.fʁa.ʒɔ̃/ | naufragez /no.fʁa.ʒe/ | naufragent /no.fʁaʒ/ |
| imperfect | naufrageais /no.fʁa.ʒɛ/ | naufrageais /no.fʁa.ʒɛ/ | naufrageait /no.fʁa.ʒɛ/ | naufragions /no.fʁa.ʒjɔ̃/ | naufragiez /no.fʁa.ʒje/ | naufrageaient /no.fʁa.ʒɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | naufrageai /no.fʁa.ʒe/ | naufrageas /no.fʁa.ʒa/ | naufragea /no.fʁa.ʒa/ | naufrageâmes /no.fʁa.ʒam/ | naufrageâtes /no.fʁa.ʒat/ | naufragèrent /no.fʁa.ʒɛʁ/ | |
| future | naufragerai /no.fʁaʒ.ʁe/ | naufrageras /no.fʁaʒ.ʁa/ | naufragera /no.fʁaʒ.ʁa/ | naufragerons /no.fʁaʒ.ʁɔ̃/ | naufragerez /no.fʁaʒ.ʁe/ | naufrageront /no.fʁaʒ.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | naufragerais /no.fʁaʒ.ʁɛ/ | naufragerais /no.fʁaʒ.ʁɛ/ | naufragerait /no.fʁaʒ.ʁɛ/ | naufragerions /no.fʁa.ʒə.ʁjɔ̃/ | naufrageriez /no.fʁa.ʒə.ʁje/ | naufrageraient /no.fʁaʒ.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) | present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | naufrage /no.fʁaʒ/ | naufrages /no.fʁaʒ/ | naufrage /no.fʁaʒ/ | naufragions /no.fʁa.ʒjɔ̃/ | naufragiez /no.fʁa.ʒje/ | naufragent /no.fʁaʒ/ |
| imperfect2 | naufrageasse /no.fʁa.ʒas/ | naufrageasses /no.fʁa.ʒas/ | naufrageât /no.fʁa.ʒa/ | naufrageassions /no.fʁa.ʒa.sjɔ̃/ | naufrageassiez /no.fʁa.ʒa.sje/ | naufrageassent /no.fʁa.ʒas/ | |
| (compound tenses) | past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | naufrage /no.fʁaʒ/ | — | naufrageons /no.fʁa.ʒɔ̃/ | naufragez /no.fʁa.ʒe/ | — | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Further reading
- “naufrager”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Latin
Verb
naufrager
- first-person singular present passive subjunctive of naufragō