na-
See also: Appendix:Variations of "na"
Azerbaijani
| Cyrillic | на- | |
|---|---|---|
| Perso-Arabic | ناـ | |
Etymology
Borrowed from Persian ناـ (nâ-).
Pronunciation
IPA(key): [nɑ]
Prefix
na- (rarely productive)
- un-, non-, in-
- Synonym: qeyri-
- na- + tamam (“complete”) → natamam (“incomplete”)
- -less
- Synonym: -siz
- na- + ümid (“hope”) → naümid (“hopeless”)
Derived terms
Azerbaijani terms prefixed with na-
Chichewa
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ná/
Prefix
ná-
- Prefixed to a traditional Chewa clan name to denote a woman belonging to that clan.
Curripaco
Prefix
na-
- third person plural agent marker
References
- Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN, page 398
Czech
Etymology
From na.
Prefix
na-
- A prefix, often used where English would use a phrasal verb with on.
- (as an imperfective verb) (often used with se) intensification: added to mean a lot.
- na- + představovat se (“present onself”) → napředstavovat se (“present oneself many times”)
Derived terms
- nalít
- naložit
- nanést
- nanosit
- napálit
- napravit
- napsat
- narodit
- nastavit
- nastoupit
- nasypat
- natřít
- nazvat
Czech terms prefixed with na-
Further reading
- na- in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017
Dutch
Etymology
Derived from the preposition na
Pronunciation
Audio (file)
Prefix
na-
- after
Antonyms
voor-
Derived terms
Category Dutch terms prefixed with na- not found
Gunwinggu
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /na-/
Prefix
na-
- male prefix added onto human words.
Related terms
- ngal-
References
- Steven and Narelle Etherington, Kunwinjku Kunwok: A Short Introduction to Kunwinjku Language and Society (third edition, 1998)
Kambera
Pronoun
na-
- third person singular nominative proclitic
See also
Kambera pronominal clitics
| Nominative | Genitive | Accusative | Dative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | ku- | -nggu | -ka | -ngga |
| 2sg | mu- (u-) | -mu | -kau | -nggau |
| 3sg | na- | -na | -ya | -nya |
| 1pl.incl | ta- | -nda | -ta | -nda |
| 1pl.excl | ma- | -ma | -kama | -nggama |
| 2pl | mi- (i-) | -mi | -kami (-kai) | -nggami (-nggai) |
| 3pl | da- | -da | -ha | -nja |
Makasar
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [na]
Pronoun
na- (nominative proclitic, Lontara spelling ᨊ)
- he, she, it, they (third person singular and plural)
See also
Makasar free and bound pronouns
| Independent | Absolutive | Nominative | Possessive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg / 1st pl excl | nakke | -a' | ku- | -ku |
| 1st pl excl (archaic) | kambe | -kang | ki- | -mang |
| 1st pl incl / 2nd sg polite | katte | -ki' | ki- | -ta |
| 2nd sg / pl familiar | kau | -ko | nu- | -nu |
| 3rd sg / pl | ia | -i | na- | -na |
Mwotlap
Etymology
From Proto-Torres-Banks *na, from Proto-Oceanic *na (“noun article”)
Article
na-
- a, the (singular article for common nouns)
Morphophonology
- When followed by a noun starting with a vowel, the vowel of na- is elided:
- na- + ēm̄ → nēm̄ (“house”)
- When followed by a noun starting with a single consonant, na- normally changes its vowel to a clone of the vowel in the next syllable:
- na- + bē → nēbē (“water”)
- na- + vinhe → nivinhe (“bamboo”)
- When followed by a noun starting with two underlying consonants, na- normally remains unchanged:
- na- + l(ō)qōvēn → nalqōvēn (“woman”)
Semantics
- General determiner; does not encode definiteness.
- Forms the determinate form of most nouns.
- For [+human] referents, the number value is singular, contrasting with dual yoge, trial tēlge, plural ige.
- nalqōvēn (“a woman”)
- — opp. yoge lōqōvēn (“two women”), tēlge lōqōvēn (“three women”), ige lōqōvēn (“women”).
- For [-human] referents, the number value of the article is unspecified.
- nēbē (“water”)
- nēm̄ (“a house, houses; the house, the houses”)
References
- François, Alexandre. 2005. A typological overview of Mwotlap, an Oceanic language of Vanuatu. Linguistic typology 9 (1): 115–146. DOI:10.1515/lity.2005.9.1.115.
- François, Alexandre. 2007. Noun articles in Torres and Banks languages: Conservation and innovation. In Siegel, Jeff; Lynch, John; Eades, Diana (eds.), Language Description, History and Development: Linguistic indulgence in memory of Terry Crowley, 313–326. (Creole Language Library 30) Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Polish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /na/
Prefix
na-
- Added to verbs to make them perfective
- na- + pisać → napisać
- Added to verbs to mean onto
- na- + położyć → nałożyć
Derived terms
Polish terms prefixed with na-
Further reading
- na- in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- na- in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Slovene
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *na-. Prefixed form of the preposition na.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /na-/
Prefix
na-
- Forms perfective verbs with the following meanings:
- (no change in meaning)
- na- + pisáti (“to write”) → napisáti (“to write”)
- onto, into
- na- + líti (“to pour”) → nalíti (“to pour in”)
- a little, to begin to
- na- + krivīti (“to bend”) → nakrivīti (“to bend a little”)
- na- + gníti (“to rot”) → nagníti (“to begin to rot”)
- enough of, a sufficient amount of
- na- + cepīti (“to chop”) → nacepīti (“to chop enough of”)
- (reflexive) excessively, thoroughly
- na- + píti (“to drink”) → napíti (“to drink one's fill, get drunk”)
- (no change in meaning)
Derived terms
Slovene terms prefixed with na-
Tagalog
Prefix
na-
- Used to form complete aspects of verbs prefixed with ma-
Prefix
ná-
- (Batangas) Used to form progressive aspects of verbs prefixed with um- or infixed with -um-
- Nakain siya ng isda.
- He/She is eating fish
Usage notes
The Batangas dialect prefix, when written, is generally a source of confusion and mockery for the majority of Tagalog speakers, but the two actually differ by pronunciation. The na-, where it indicates a perfective aspect, is pronounced without stress, while the na- prefix, where it indicates a progressive aspect in the Batangas dialect, is pronounced with stress.
Derived terms
Tagalog terms prefixed with na-
Ternate
Pronoun
na-
- first-person plural inclusive possessive prefix, our
- Synonym: nga-
- second-person plural possessive prefix, your
- Synonym: nia-
- (human) third-person plural possessive prefix, their
- Synonym: nga-
See also
Ternate personal pronouns
| independent | subject proclitic | possessive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Informal | Formal | |||||
| 1st person singular | ngori | fangarem, fajaruf | to | ri | ||
| 2nd person singular | ngana | ngoni, jou ngoni | no | ni | ||
| 3rd person singular | unam, minaf | om, mof, inh | im, mif, manh | |||
| 1st person plural inclusive | ngone | fo | na, nga | |||
| 1st person plural exclusive | ngomi | fangare ngomim, fajaru ngomif, fara ngomi1 | mi | mi, mia | ||
| 2nd person plural | ngoni | ni | na, nia | |||
| 3rd person plural | anah, enanh | ih, nh, yoh, †, yanh, † | nah, ngah, manh | |||
- unmarked pronouns are gender non-specific
- m - masculine, f - feminine, h - human, nh - non-human
- 1 - for mixed-gender groups
- † - archaic
References
- Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh
Turkish
Etymology
Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ناـ (nâ-), from Persian ناـ (nâ-).
Prefix
na- (rarely productive)
- un-, non-, in-
- Synonym: gayri-
- na- + tamam (“complete”) → natamam (“incomplete”)
- -less
- Synonym: -siz
- na- + ümid (“hope”) → naümid (“hopeless”)
Derived terms
Turkish terms prefixed with na-
West Makian
Etymology 1
Cognate with Ternate na- (“our”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /n̪a/
Pronoun
na-
- first-person plural inclusive possessive prefix, our
Usage notes
The possessive prefix na- is subject to West Makian vowel harmony, and as such may surface as ne-, ni-, or no-.
Alternative forms
- ne-, ni-, no-
See also
West Makian personal pronouns
| independent | possessive prefix | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | de | ti |
| 2nd person singular | ni | ni |
| 3rd person singular | me | mVan., dVinan. |
| 1st person plural inclusive | ene | nV |
| 1st person plural exclusive | imi | mi |
| 2nd person plural | ini | fi |
| 3rd person plural | eme | di |
- V indicates the expected assimilated vowel of the following noun, following standard West Makian vowel harmony.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /na/
Pronoun
na-
- second-person singular clitic, you
- noco ― you see
Usage notes
The prefix na- follows West Makian vowel harmony, and as such may surface as ne-, ni-, no-, or nu-.
Alternative forms
- ne-, ni-, no-, nu-
References
- Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours, Pacific linguistics
Xhosa
Preposition
na-
- with, in company of
- (with subject concord) to have
Conjunction
na-
- and (joining individual words)
Zulu
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /nʱa/
Preposition
na-
- with, in company of
- (with subject concord) to have
Usage notes
The meaning "have" can be analysed more literally as "to be with". In the negative, a- is prefixed to the subject concord, and the initial vowel of the noun prefix is dropped:
- Nginekati. ― I have a cat.
- Anginakati. ― I don't have a cat.
Conjunction
na-
- and (joining individual words)
- Synonym: futhi
- also, too
- Synonym: futhi
- even (implying an extreme example)
References
- C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “na-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “na-”