-na

See also: Appendix:Variations of "na"

Albanian

Alternative forms

-em (Tosk)
-rë (Tosk)

Etymology

Related to unë (“I”) and (probably) further to ne (“we”).

The Gheg personal suffix -na (“I, me”) indicates:

1st person singular, indicative, present, mediopassive voice; bâh[na] → “[I] become”.
1st person singular, indicative, aorist, active voice for verbs like bâj (“I do, make”) → aorist bô[na] → “[I] did”. Otherwise suffix -va (“-ed”) is used.

In Tosk (and Standard Albanian)

-em (“I, me”) is used for 1st person singular, indicative, present, mediopassive voice (not -na as in Gheg);
-ra is used for 1st person singular, indicative, aorist, active voice for verb bëj (“I do, make”) → aorist bë[ra] → “[I] did”. The n → r shift from Gheg to Tosk is due to rhotacism. Otherwise -va is used.

See bëj (“I do, make”) for more.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/ (Gheg)

Suffix

-na

(personal suffix) used to form the 1st person singular present tense of verbs in mediopassive voice (indicative mood).
Forms verbs in mediopassive voice from active voice
• active bâj (“I do, make”) + h (mediopassive marker) + -na → mediopassive bâh[na] (“[I] become, turn into”)
(Tosk and Standard Albanian variant: bëj → bëh[em])
• active aorist bôna (“I did, made”) → mediopassive aorist u + bôna (“I became, turned into”)
(Tosk/Standard: bëra → u bëra)
• active zbeh (“I make white(r), pale(r)”) + -na → mediopassive zbeh[na] (“[I]'m getting pale(r), white(r)”)
(Tosk/Standard: zbeh → zbeh[em])
• active aorist zbeva (“I made pale(r)”) → mediopassive aorist u + zbeva (“I got pale(r)”)
Forms mediopassive verbs from adjectives
• adjective shkurt (“short”) + o- (vowel stem) + h (mediopassive marker) + -na → mediopassive verb shkurtoh[na] (“[I] become short(er)”)
(Tosk/Standard: shkurtoj → shkurtoh[em])
• active aorist shkurtova (“I shortned”) → mediopassive aorist u + shurtova (“I became shorter”)
(Tosk/Standard: shkurtova → u + shkurtova)

Related terms

-a
ai
ajo
ata
atë
ato
e
-em
-et
-hem
-het
-hna
i
ju
-m
në
-o
-ohet
-oj
-t
ti
u
unë
-va

Aymara

Suffix

-na

possessive marker

Curripaco

Suffix

-na

third person plural patient marker

References

Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN), page 398

Czech

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈna]

Suffix

-na f

from nouns forms nouns referring to places
‎prodej + ‎-na → ‎prodejna

Derived terms

Czech terms suffixed with -na

Estonian

Suffix

-na

Forms the essive case.

Usage notes

The suffix is appended to the genitive stem or an appropriate plural stem.

Finnish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-na, from the Proto-Uralic locative case ending *-na.

Suffix

-na (front vowel harmony variant -nä)

Forms the essive case.
kaunis beautiful (word includes back vowel, a) -> + -na = kauniina
eräänä kauniina aamuna
on a beautiful morning
Ennen pidit minua kauniina.
In the past you thought I was beautiful. (literally: In the past you held me as beautiful.)

Usage notes

The suffix is appended to the same stem as the illative suffixes, and also the partitive singular often uses the same stem.

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -na (essive)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-na, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *-na.

Suffix

-na (front vowel harmony variant -nä)

Forms action nouns from certain verbs, mainly related to sound, whose first infinitive ends in -sta.
kutina (“itching”), from kutista (“to itch”)
Forms some diminutive nouns.

Alternative forms

-ina (reanalyzed into its own suffix)

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -na (nominal)

Anagrams

-an

Garo

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-na

(inflectional suffix) forms the dative case
reason
Maina na·a rel gariko sraprikjaha?
For what reason did you not catch the train?

Hadza

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/

Suffix

-na

a locative suffix
hama (“3rd person masculine singular proximal pronoun”) → hamana (“here”)
bee (“3rd person feminine plural given pronoun”) → beena (“there”)
himiggê (“3rd person masculine singular invisible pronoun”) → himiggêna (“in/behind there”)

Hawaiian

Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *-ŋa.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /-na/, [-nə]

Suffix

-na

Common nominalizing suffix, sometimes with shortening of a long vowel in the base.
ʻai → ʻaina
piʻi → piʻina

Derived terms

Hawaiian terms suffixed with -na

Hungarian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [nɒ]

Suffix

-na

(personal suffix) Used to form the third-person singular present tense of verbs (conditional mood, indefinite conjugation).
olvas (“to read”) → olvasna (“he/she would read”)

Usage notes

Conditional indefinite – personal endings

Person		Back vowel	Front vowel
Person		Back vowel	unrounded	rounded
én	1st person singular	-nék
én	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-anék	-enék
te	2nd person singular	-nál	-nél
te	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-anál	-enél
ő maga ön	3rd person singular	-na	-ne
ő maga ön	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-ana	-ene
mi	1st person plural	-nánk	-nénk
mi	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-anánk	-enénk
ti	2nd person plural	-nátok	-nétek
ti	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-anátok	-enétek
ők maguk önök	3rd person plural	-nának	-nének
ők maguk önök	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-anának	-enének
See also: present-tense definite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing.

(personal suffix) Harmonic variants:
-na is added to most back vowel verbs
vár (“to wait”) → várna (“he/she would wait”)
-ne is added to most front vowel verbs
kér (“to ask”) → kérne (“he/she would ask”)
-ana is added to back vowel verbs ending in two consonants or in a long vowel + t (exceptions áll, száll, varr, forr, lát)
mond (“to say something”) → mondana (“he/she would say something”)
tanít (“to teach”) → tanítana (“he/she would teach”)
-ene is added to front vowel verbs ending in two consonants or in a long vowel + t
fest (“to paint”) → festene (“he/she would paint”)
segít (“to help”) → segítene (“he/she would help”)

Irish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /nˠə/

Suffix

-na

Alternative form of -ne (used after velarized consonants and back vowels)

Kambera

Pronoun

-na

third person singular genitive enclitic

Laboya

Pronoun

-na

third person singular subject enclitic
third person singular possessive enclitic

Laz

Suffix

-na

Latin spelling of -ნა (-na)

Makasar

Alternative forms

-nna

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *nia, from Proto-Austronesian *nia.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [na]

Suffix

-na (possessive suffix, Lontara spelling ᨊ)

his, her, its, their (third person singular and plural)

Maori

Suffix

-na

Used in contractions with particles of possession of third person pronouns.
a passive ending

Derived terms

Maori terms suffixed with -na

Murui Huitoto

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [na]

Classifier

-na

Classifier for trees.

Derived terms

Murui Huitoto terms suffixed with -na

Suffix

-na

Alternative form of -a

References

Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.‎, Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), pages 197, 134

Old Norse

Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *-inōną.

Suffix

-na

Used to form inchoative verbs from adjectives

Conjugation

Conjugation of -na — active (weak class 2)

indicative	present	past
infinitive	-na
present participle	-nandi
past participle	-naðr
1st-person singular	-na	-naða
2nd-person singular	-nar	-naðir
3rd-person singular	-nar	-naði
1st-person plural	-num	-nuðum
2nd-person plural	-nið	-nuðuð
3rd-person plural	-na	-nuðu
subjunctive	present	past
1st-person singular	-na	-naða
2nd-person singular	-nir	-naðir
3rd-person singular	-ni	-naði
1st-person plural	-nim	-naðim
2nd-person plural	-nið	-naðið
3rd-person plural	-ni	-naði
imperative	present
2nd-person singular	-na
1st-person plural	-num
2nd-person plural	-nið

Derived terms

Old Norse terms suffixed with -na

Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *-anǫ̂ and *-ōnǫ̂, genitive plural endings of weak neuter and feminine nouns.

Suffix

-na

Used to form the genitive plural of some weak feminine and neuter nouns
hjarta → hjartna
saga → sagna

Suffix

-na

inflection of -inn (adjective suffix):
1. positive degree strong feminine accusative singular
2. positive degree strong masculine accusative plural
3. positive degree weak masculine oblique singular
4. positive degree weak feminine nominative singular
5. positive degree weak neuter singular
inflection of -inn (participle suffix):
1. strong feminine accusative singular
2. strong masculine accusative plural
3. weak masculine oblique singular
4. weak feminine nominative singular
5. weak neuter singular
inflection of -inn (definite article suffix):
1. feminine accusative singular
2. masculine accusative plural

Polish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/
Audio (file)
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: na
Homophone: na

Suffix

-na f

Forms feminine adjective-like nouns -ess
‎arcyksiążę + ‎-na → ‎arcyksiężna
Synonym: -ka
Forms feminine adjective-like nouns meaning "wife of"
‎arcyksiążę + ‎-na → ‎arcyksiężna
Synonym: -owa

Declension

Declension of -na

	singular	plural
nominative	-na	-ne/-ny
genitive	-nej/-ny	-nych/-en/-n
dative	-nej/-nie	-nym/-nom
accusative	-ną/-nę	-ne/-ny
instrumental	-ną	-nymi/-nami
locative	-nej/-nie	-nych/-nach
vocative	-no	-ne/-ny

Derived terms

Polish terms suffixed with -na

Quechua

Not to be confused with -ña

Suffix

-na

Nominalizer, future perfect participle.
llamk'ay (“to work”) → llamk'ana (“tool, work to be done”)
mikhuy (“to eat”) → mikhuna (“food, meal”)

Scots

Alternative forms

-nae

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /-nə/, /-nɪ/

Suffix

-na

-n't
didna ("did not")
canna ("can not")
daurna ("dare not")
michtna ("might not")

Swedish

Etymology 1

From the plural of Old Norse hinn (demonstrative pronoun), suffixed to the end of the noun stem.

Suffix

-na

Marker of definiteness on nouns in the plural (except for those of the fourth and fifth declensions).
‎stolar (“chairs”) + ‎-na → ‎stolarna (“the chairs”)
Synonym: -ne (archaic, masculine)

Usage notes

In earlier Swedish, the suffix -na was only used for feminine nouns, while -ne was used for masculine nouns, thus "stenarne" (definite of stenar) and "kvinnorna" (definite of kvinnor) were used alongside each other. In attempts to try to produce archaic language, the suffix is sometimes changed to -ne in all positions, producing historically incorrect forms like "kvinnorne".

Etymology 2

From Old Norse -na, from Proto-Germanic *-naną.

Suffix

-na

-en; Used with some adjectives or verbal stems to form inchoative verbs
‎trött (“tired”) + ‎-na → ‎tröttna (“to tiren, become tired”)

Usage notes

Inchoative verb: The suffix -na may be analysed as two morphemes (-n (inchoative verb stem) + -a (infinitive)). Traditionally the a's near the ends of the Swedish first declension verb forms have been regarded as part of the suffixes, but nowadays it is more common to see it described as part of the stems of these verbs, since all endings not beginning with an a are extinct or considered heavily archaic.

Derived terms

Swedish terms suffixed with -na

Anagrams

-an, an, an-

Taos

Suffix

-na

Singular number inflection. (See also: -ną, -nemą, -ne.)

Uneapa

Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic *-ña, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-nia, from Proto-Austronesian *-nia.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/

Suffix

-na

A third-person singular possessive suffix.

Volapük

Suffix

-na

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

-na

Albanian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Related terms

Aymara

Suffix

Curripaco

Suffix

References

Czech

Pronunciation

Suffix

Derived terms

Further reading

Estonian

Suffix

Usage notes

Finnish

Etymology 1

Suffix

Usage notes

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Suffix

Alternative forms

Derived terms

Anagrams

Garo

Etymology

Suffix

See also

Hadza

Pronunciation

Suffix

Hawaiian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Derived terms

Hungarian

Pronunciation

Suffix

Usage notes

See also

Irish

Pronunciation

Suffix

Further reading

Kambera

Pronoun

See also

Laboya

Pronoun

See also

Laz

Suffix

Makasar

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

See also

Maori

Suffix

Derived terms

See also

Murui Huitoto

Pronunciation

Classifier

Derived terms

Suffix

References

Old Norse

Etymology 1

Suffix

Conjugation

Derived terms