-na
Albanian
Alternative forms
- -em (Tosk)
- -rë (Tosk)
Etymology
Related to unë (“I”) and (probably) further to ne (“we”).
The Gheg personal suffix -na (“I, me”) indicates:
- 1st person singular, indicative, present, mediopassive voice; bâh[na] → “[I] become”.
- 1st person singular, indicative, aorist, active voice for verbs like bâj (“I do, make”) → aorist bô[na] → “[I] did”. Otherwise suffix -va (“-ed”) is used.
In Tosk (and Standard Albanian)
- -em (“I, me”) is used for 1st person singular, indicative, present, mediopassive voice (not -na as in Gheg);
- -ra is used for 1st person singular, indicative, aorist, active voice for verb bëj (“I do, make”) → aorist bë[ra] → “[I] did”. The n → r shift from Gheg to Tosk is due to rhotacism. Otherwise -va is used.
See bëj (“I do, make”) for more.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /na/ (Gheg)
Suffix
-na
- (personal suffix) used to form the 1st person singular present tense of verbs in mediopassive voice (indicative mood).
- Forms verbs in mediopassive voice from active voice
- • active bâj (“I do, make”) + h (mediopassive marker) + -na → mediopassive bâh[na] (“[I] become, turn into”)
- (Tosk and Standard Albanian variant: bëj → bëh[em])
- • active aorist bôna (“I did, made”) → mediopassive aorist u + bôna (“I became, turned into”)
- (Tosk/Standard: bëra → u bëra)
- • active zbeh (“I make white(r), pale(r)”) + -na → mediopassive zbeh[na] (“[I]'m getting pale(r), white(r)”)
- (Tosk/Standard: zbeh → zbeh[em])
- • active aorist zbeva (“I made pale(r)”) → mediopassive aorist u + zbeva (“I got pale(r)”)
- • active bâj (“I do, make”) + h (mediopassive marker) + -na → mediopassive bâh[na] (“[I] become, turn into”)
- Forms mediopassive verbs from adjectives
- • adjective shkurt (“short”) + o- (vowel stem) + h (mediopassive marker) + -na → mediopassive verb shkurtoh[na] (“[I] become short(er)”)
- (Tosk/Standard: shkurtoj → shkurtoh[em])
- • active aorist shkurtova (“I shortned”) → mediopassive aorist u + shurtova (“I became shorter”)
- (Tosk/Standard: shkurtova → u + shkurtova)
- • adjective shkurt (“short”) + o- (vowel stem) + h (mediopassive marker) + -na → mediopassive verb shkurtoh[na] (“[I] become short(er)”)
Related terms
- -a
- ai
- ajo
- ata
- atë
- ato
- e
- -em
- -et
- -hem
- -het
- -hna
- i
- ju
- -m
- në
- -o
- -ohet
- -oj
- -t
- ti
- u
- unë
- -va
Aymara
Suffix
-na
- possessive marker
Curripaco
Suffix
-na
- third person plural patient marker
References
- Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN), page 398
Czech
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈna]
Suffix
-na f
- from nouns forms nouns referring to places
- prodej + -na → prodejna
Derived terms
Further reading
- -na in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017
Estonian
Suffix
-na
- Forms the essive case.
Usage notes
- The suffix is appended to the genitive stem or an appropriate plural stem.
Finnish
Etymology 1
From Proto-Finnic *-na, from the Proto-Uralic locative case ending *-na.
Suffix
-na (front vowel harmony variant -nä)
- Forms the essive case.
- kaunis beautiful (word includes back vowel, a) -> + -na = kauniina
- eräänä kauniina aamuna
- on a beautiful morning
- Ennen pidit minua kauniina.
- In the past you thought I was beautiful. (literally: In the past you held me as beautiful.)
- eräänä kauniina aamuna
- kaunis beautiful (word includes back vowel, a) -> + -na = kauniina
Usage notes
- The suffix is appended to the same stem as the illative suffixes, and also the partitive singular often uses the same stem.
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Proto-Finnic *-na, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *-na.
Suffix
-na (front vowel harmony variant -nä)
- Forms action nouns from certain verbs, mainly related to sound, whose first infinitive ends in -sta.
- kutina (“itching”), from kutista (“to itch”)
- Forms some diminutive nouns.
Alternative forms
- -ina (reanalyzed into its own suffix)
Derived terms
Anagrams
- -an
Garo
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
-na
- (inflectional suffix) forms the dative case
- reason
- Maina na·a rel gariko sraprikjaha?
- For what reason did you not catch the train?
See also
- -ni (“forms genitive”)
- -ko (“forms accusative”)
- -chi (“forms instrumental”)
- -no (“forms locative”)
Hadza
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /na/
Suffix
-na
- a locative suffix
- hama (“3rd person masculine singular proximal pronoun”) → hamana (“here”)
- bee (“3rd person feminine plural given pronoun”) → beena (“there”)
- himiggê (“3rd person masculine singular invisible pronoun”) → himiggêna (“in/behind there”)
Hawaiian
Etymology
From Proto-Polynesian *-ŋa.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /-na/, [-nə]
Suffix
-na
- Common nominalizing suffix, sometimes with shortening of a long vowel in the base.
- ʻai → ʻaina
- piʻi → piʻina
Derived terms
Hungarian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [nɒ]
Suffix
-na
- (personal suffix) Used to form the third-person singular present tense of verbs (conditional mood, indefinite conjugation).
- olvas (“to read”) → olvasna (“he/she would read”)
Usage notes
Person | Back vowel | Front vowel | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | |||
én | 1st person singular | -nék | ||
after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -anék | -enék | ||
te | 2nd person singular | -nál | -nél | |
after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -anál | -enél | ||
ő maga ön | 3rd person singular | -na | -ne | |
after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -ana | -ene | ||
mi | 1st person plural | -nánk | -nénk | |
after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -anánk | -enénk | ||
ti | 2nd person plural | -nátok | -nétek | |
after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -anátok | -enétek | ||
ők maguk önök | 3rd person plural | -nának | -nének | |
after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -anának | -enének | ||
See also: present-tense definite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. |
- (personal suffix) Harmonic variants:
- -na is added to most back vowel verbs
- vár (“to wait”) → várna (“he/she would wait”)
- -ne is added to most front vowel verbs
- kér (“to ask”) → kérne (“he/she would ask”)
- -ana is added to back vowel verbs ending in two consonants or in a long vowel + t (exceptions áll, száll, varr, forr, lát)
- mond (“to say something”) → mondana (“he/she would say something”)
- tanít (“to teach”) → tanítana (“he/she would teach”)
- -ene is added to front vowel verbs ending in two consonants or in a long vowel + t
- fest (“to paint”) → festene (“he/she would paint”)
- segít (“to help”) → segítene (“he/she would help”)
- -na is added to most back vowel verbs
See also
- Category:Hungarian verb forms
- Appendix:Hungarian suffixes
Irish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /nˠə/
Suffix
-na
- Alternative form of -ne (used after velarized consonants and back vowels)
Further reading
- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “-na”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
Kambera
Pronoun
-na
- third person singular genitive enclitic
See also
Nominative | Genitive | Accusative | Dative | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1sg | ku- | -nggu | -ka | -ngga |
2sg | mu- (u-) | -mu | -kau | -nggau |
3sg | na- | -na | -ya | -nya |
1pl.incl | ta- | -nda | -ta | -nda |
1pl.excl | ma- | -ma | -kama | -nggama |
2pl | mi- (i-) | -mi | -kami (-kai) | -nggami (-nggai) |
3pl | da- | -da | -ha | -nja |
Laboya
Pronoun
-na
- third person singular subject enclitic
- third person singular possessive enclitic
See also
Subject | Subject/Possessive | Object | |
---|---|---|---|
Person | |||
1sg | gu- | -gu | -ga |
2sg | mu- | -mu | -gu |
3sg | na- | -na | -ni |
1pl.incl | da- | -da | -da |
1pl.excl | ma- | -ma | -gama |
2pl | mi- | -mi | -gimi |
3pl | ɗa- | -ɗa | -di |
Laz
Suffix
-na
- Latin spelling of -ნა (-na)
Makasar
Alternative forms
- -nna
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *nia, from Proto-Austronesian *nia.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [na]
Suffix
-na (possessive suffix, Lontara spelling ᨊ)
- his, her, its, their (third person singular and plural)
See also
Independent | Absolutive | Nominative | Possessive | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st sg / 1st pl excl | nakke | -a' | ku- | -ku |
1st pl excl (archaic) | kambe | -kang | ki- | -mang |
1st pl incl / 2nd sg polite | katte | -ki' | ki- | -ta |
2nd sg / pl familiar | kau | -ko | nu- | -nu |
3rd sg / pl | ia | -i | na- | -na |
Maori
Suffix
-na
- Used in contractions with particles of possession of third person pronouns.
- a passive ending
Derived terms
See also
singular | dual | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person (exclusive) | au, ahau | māua | mātou | ||
1st person (inclusive) | tāua | tātou | |||
2nd person | koe | kōrua | koutou | ||
3rd person | ia | rāua | rātou |
Murui Huitoto
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [na]
Classifier
-na
- Classifier for trees.
Derived terms
Suffix
-na
- Alternative form of -a
References
- Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia., Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), pages 197, 134
Old Norse
Etymology 1
From Proto-Germanic *-inōną.
Suffix
-na
- Used to form inchoative verbs from adjectives
Conjugation
infinitive | -na | |
---|---|---|
present participle | -nandi | |
past participle | -naðr | |
indicative | present | past |
1st-person singular | -na | -naða |
2nd-person singular | -nar | -naðir |
3rd-person singular | -nar | -naði |
1st-person plural | -num | -nuðum |
2nd-person plural | -nið | -nuðuð |
3rd-person plural | -na | -nuðu |
subjunctive | present | past |
1st-person singular | -na | -naða |
2nd-person singular | -nir | -naðir |
3rd-person singular | -ni | -naði |
1st-person plural | -nim | -naðim |
2nd-person plural | -nið | -naðið |
3rd-person plural | -ni | -naði |
imperative | present | |
2nd-person singular | -na | |
1st-person plural | -num | |
2nd-person plural | -nið |
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Proto-Germanic *-anǫ̂ and *-ōnǫ̂, genitive plural endings of weak neuter and feminine nouns.
Suffix
-na
- Used to form the genitive plural of some weak feminine and neuter nouns
- hjarta → hjartna
- saga → sagna
Suffix
-na
- inflection of -inn (adjective suffix):
- positive degree strong feminine accusative singular
- positive degree strong masculine accusative plural
- positive degree weak masculine oblique singular
- positive degree weak feminine nominative singular
- positive degree weak neuter singular
- inflection of -inn (participle suffix):
- strong feminine accusative singular
- strong masculine accusative plural
- weak masculine oblique singular
- weak feminine nominative singular
- weak neuter singular
- inflection of -inn (definite article suffix):
- feminine accusative singular
- masculine accusative plural
Polish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /na/
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -a
- Syllabification: na
- Homophone: na
Suffix
-na f
- Forms feminine adjective-like nouns -ess
- arcyksiążę + -na → arcyksiężna
- Synonym: -ka
- Forms feminine adjective-like nouns meaning "wife of"
- arcyksiążę + -na → arcyksiężna
- Synonym: -owa
Declension
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | -na | -ne/-ny |
genitive | -nej/-ny | -nych/-en/-n |
dative | -nej/-nie | -nym/-nom |
accusative | -ną/-nę | -ne/-ny |
instrumental | -ną | -nymi/-nami |
locative | -nej/-nie | -nych/-nach |
vocative | -no | -ne/-ny |
Derived terms
Further reading
- -na in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- -na in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Quechua
- Not to be confused with -ña
Suffix
-na
- Nominalizer, future perfect participle.
- llamk'ay (“to work”) → llamk'ana (“tool, work to be done”)
- mikhuy (“to eat”) → mikhuna (“food, meal”)
See also
- -spa
- -sqa
Scots
Alternative forms
- -nae
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /-nə/, /-nɪ/
Suffix
-na
- -n't
- didna ("did not")
- canna ("can not")
- daurna ("dare not")
- michtna ("might not")
Swedish
Etymology 1
From the plural of Old Norse hinn (demonstrative pronoun), suffixed to the end of the noun stem.
Suffix
-na
- Marker of definiteness on nouns in the plural (except for those of the fourth and fifth declensions).
- stolar (“chairs”) + -na → stolarna (“the chairs”)
- Synonym: -ne (archaic, masculine)
Usage notes
- In earlier Swedish, the suffix -na was only used for feminine nouns, while -ne was used for masculine nouns, thus "stenarne" (definite of stenar) and "kvinnorna" (definite of kvinnor) were used alongside each other. In attempts to try to produce archaic language, the suffix is sometimes changed to -ne in all positions, producing historically incorrect forms like "kvinnorne".
Etymology 2
From Old Norse -na, from Proto-Germanic *-naną.
Suffix
-na
- -en; Used with some adjectives or verbal stems to form inchoative verbs
- trött (“tired”) + -na → tröttna (“to tiren, become tired”)
Usage notes
- Inchoative verb
- The suffix -na may be analysed as two morphemes (-n (inchoative verb stem) + -a (infinitive)). Traditionally the a's near the ends of the Swedish first declension verb forms have been regarded as part of the suffixes, but nowadays it is more common to see it described as part of the stems of these verbs, since all endings not beginning with an a are extinct or considered heavily archaic.
Derived terms
Anagrams
- -an, an, an-
Taos
Suffix
-na
- Singular number inflection. (See also: -ną, -nemą, -ne.)
Uneapa
Etymology
From Proto-Oceanic *-ña, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-nia, from Proto-Austronesian *-nia.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /na/
Suffix
-na
- A third-person singular possessive suffix.
Further reading
- Terry Crowley et al, The Oceanic Languages (2013), page 365
Volapük
Suffix
-na
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