mꜣꜥ
Demotic
Etymology 1
Unknown. The once-popular derivation from Egyptian
(bw, “place, thing, -ness”) is untenable given the form of the Fayyumic descendant.[1] A corresponding hieroglyphic Egyptian word
(mꜣꜥ, “place”) is attested from the end of the Third Intermediate Period onward, especially in late temple inscriptions, with the earliest certain attestation being in Papyrus Brooklyn 47.218.84,[2] but this is contemporaneous with the spread of early Demotic. Meeks proposes that another term bpꜣt attested at the beginning of the Ramesside Period might be an early writing of the same word, but the absence of the final ayin is problematic.[2]
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Noun
m
- place
- cenotaph
Descendants
- Coptic: ⲙⲁ (ma) – Akhmimic, Bohairic, Sahidic, Lycopolitan, ⲙⲁⲓ (mai) – Bohairic, ⲙⲉ (me) – Fayyumic
Etymology 2
From Egyptian
(mꜣꜥ, “to direct, to be true or just”).
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Verb
- to be true
- to be justified
Descendants
- ⇒ Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲙⲁⲓⲟ (tmaio), ⲧⲙⲁⲉⲓⲟ (tmaeio)
References
- Erichsen, Wolja (1954) Demotisches Glossar, Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, page 149
- Janet H. Johnson, editor (2001) The Demotic Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, volume M (10.1), Chicago: The University of Chicago, page 21–29
- Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 77
- Meeks, Dimitri (1994) “Étymologies coptes. Notes et remarques” in Coptology: Past, Present and Future: Studies in Honour of Professor Rodolphe Kasser, Louvain: Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 61, page 203–204. Meeks dates the papyrus to the Third Intermediate Period in this article, but Trismegistos and the Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae place it in the reign of Psamtik I, citing his 2006 “Mythes et legendes du Delta d’après le papyrus 47.218.8” in Mémoires publiés par les membres de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire 125, pages 458–491.
Egyptian
Pronunciation
Verb:
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈmaːʀaʕ/ → /ˈmaːʀaʕ/ → /ˈmoːʔəʕ/
Noun 2:
- (reconstructed Late Egyptian) IPA(key): /maʕ/
- (modern Egyptological) IPA(key): /mɑʔɑː/
- Conventional anglicization: maa
Verb
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3-lit.
- (transitive) to direct, to guide, to conduct
- c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 21–22:
- mꜣꜥ.n.sn n zꜣ ꜣst ḫft(j).f ḫr n qn.f
- To the son of Isis they have delivered his adversary, fallen through his (own) violence.
- (reflexive or intransitive) to be(come) true, to be(come) correct
- (intransitive) to be(come) genuine, real, true
- (intransitive) to fulfil a title or familial relation as one should; to be a real or true (brother, servant, etc.)
- (intransitive, law) to be(come) innocent
- (intransitive) to be(come) just or fair
- (transitive) to make an offering of
Inflection
Conjugation of mꜣꜥ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: mꜣꜥ, geminated stem: mꜣꜥꜥ
infinitival forms | imperative | |||
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infinitive | negatival complement | complementary infinitive1 | singular | plural |
mꜣꜥ | mꜣꜥw, mꜣꜥ | mꜣꜥt | mꜣꜥ | mꜣꜥ |
‘pseudoverbal’ forms | |||
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stative stem | periphrastic imperfective2 | periphrastic prospective2 | |
mꜣꜥ | ḥr mꜣꜥ | m mꜣꜥ | r mꜣꜥ |
suffix conjugation | |||||
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aspect / mood | active | passive | contingent | ||
aspect / mood | active | passive | |||
perfect | mꜣꜥ.n | mꜣꜥw, mꜣꜥ | consecutive | mꜣꜥ.jn | active + .tj1, .tw2 |
active + .tj1, .tw2 | |||||
terminative | mꜣꜥt | ||||
perfective3 | mꜣꜥ | active + .tj1, .tw2 | obligative1 | mꜣꜥ.ḫr | active + .tj1, .tw2 |
imperfective | mꜣꜥ | active + .tj1, .tw2 | |||
prospective3 | mꜣꜥ | mꜣꜥꜥ | potentialis1 | mꜣꜥ.kꜣ | active + .tj1, .tw2 |
active + .tj1, .tw2 | |||||
subjunctive | mꜣꜥ | active + .tj1, .tw2 |
verbal adjectives | ||||
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aspect / mood | relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms | participles | ||
active | passive | active | passive | |
perfect | mꜣꜥ.n | active + .tj1, .tw2 | — | — |
perfective | mꜣꜥ | active + .tj1, .tw2 | mꜣꜥ | mꜣꜥ, mꜣꜥw5, mꜣꜥy5 |
imperfective | mꜣꜥ, mꜣꜥy, mꜣꜥw5 | active + .tj1, .tw2 | mꜣꜥ, mꜣꜥj6, mꜣꜥy6 | mꜣꜥ, mꜣꜥw5 |
prospective | mꜣꜥ, mꜣꜥtj7 | — | mꜣꜥtj4, mꜣꜥt4 | |
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Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mꜣꜥ
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mꜣꜥ |
Derived terms
- mꜣꜥw
- mꜣꜥt
- mꜣꜥ-ḫrw
Descendants
- Demotic: mꜣꜥ
- ⇒ Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲙⲁⲓⲟ (tmaio), ⲧⲙⲁⲉⲓⲟ (tmaeio)
Noun
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m
- (anatomy) temple
Inflection
Declension of mꜣꜥ (masculine)
singular | mꜣꜥ |
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dual | mꜣꜥwj |
plural | mꜣꜥw |
Derived terms
- rḏj mꜣꜥ r
Noun
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m
- place [since the end of the Third Intermediate Period]
Inflection
Declension of mꜣꜥ (masculine)
singular | mꜣꜥ |
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dual | mꜣꜥwj |
plural | mꜣꜥw |
Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mꜣꜥ
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mꜣꜥt | mꜣꜥ | mꜣꜥ | mꜣꜥ | mꜣꜥt |
References
- Erman, Adolf; Grapow, Hermann (1928) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, volume 2, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 12–14.19; 22.1–23.6
- Faulkner, Raymond (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 101
- Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 55, 128
- Meeks, Dimitri (1994) “Étymologies coptes. Notes et remarques” in Coptology: Past, Present and Future: Studies in Honour of Professor Rodolphe Kasser, Louvain: Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 61, page 203–204