mọi

See also: moi, MOI, möi, mới, mỗi, mo'i, and mōʻī

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

(Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [mɔj˧˨ʔ]
(Huế) IPA^(key): [mɔj˨˩ʔ]
(Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA^(key): [mɔj˨˩˨]

Etymology 1

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 每 (“every, each”; SV: mỗi).

Determiner

mọi

every; all

Usage notes

Mỗi (SV) and mọi (non-SV) are doublets from the same Chinese etymon, but their meanings differ: mỗi emphasises individuality (“each”), while mọi emphasises collectivity (“every”).

Derived terms

mọi người
mọi vật

Etymology 2

From Proto-Vietic *mɔːlʔ (“human being”) (secondary borrowing from a Muong lect?); cognate with Muong mõl (“human being”).

Further origin uncertain:

Schuessler (2007: 391,392) proposes that Vietic *mɔːlʔ is cognate to Old Khmer jmol (“male (of animals)”) (⇒ Khmer ឈ្មោល (chmool)), Old Mon jmūr ~ jmur (“male (elephant)”), Semelai rəmɔːl (“male”) as well as Vietic *c-mɔːlʔ (“digging stick”); according to Schuessler, both "male" and "digging stick" derived from a stem represented in Khmu [script needed] (crmɔɔl, “digging stick”), [script needed] (cmɔ:l, “to plant (rice) with digging stick”), and Old Khmer cval (“to enter, penetrate, (of animals) copulate”)[1] (⇒ Khmer ចូល (coul)).
- If so, from *čɑɑr "to dig, to delve"[2] (Ferlus, 1989-1990: 54-56). Compare also Vietnamese xoi (“to bore, to perforate”), xói, moi, mói (“to delve, to dig out”), which are this root's reflexes with back vowels.
However, Ferlus did not deem Vietnamese mọi and Muong mõl to be derivatives of *čaar; instead, he relates them to Khmu [script needed] (hmmaːl, “soul”) (Ferlus: 55);
- If so, Proto-Vietic *mɔːlʔ (“human being”) would be a derivative of Proto-Mon-Khmer *smuul ~ smuəl ~ smaal ~ smal (“shadow, soul”) (Shorto, 2006: #1779); nevertheless, Shorto did not include Vietic items as this reflexes[3].

Noun

mọi (𤞦, 𧖦, 𬠱)

(derogatory) barbarian

References

Schuessler, Axel (2007). ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
Ferlus, Michel. "Sur l'origine géographique des languages Viet-Muong". Mon-Khmer Studies (18-19). 1989-1990
Shorto, H. A Mon-Khmer Comparative Dictionary, Ed. Paul Sidwell, 2006

[1] Schuessler, Axel (2007). ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press

[2] Ferlus, Michel. "Sur l'origine géographique des languages Viet-Muong". Mon-Khmer Studies (18-19). 1989-1990

[3] Shorto, H. A Mon-Khmer Comparative Dictionary, Ed. Paul Sidwell, 2006

单词	mọi
释义	mọi See also: moi, MOI, möi, mới, mỗi, mo'i, and mōʻī Vietnamese Pronunciation (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [mɔj˧˨ʔ] (Huế) IPA^(key): [mɔj˨˩ʔ] (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA^(key): [mɔj˨˩˨] Etymology 1 Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 每 (“every, each”; SV: mỗi). Determiner mọi every; all Usage notes Mỗi (SV) and mọi (non-SV) are doublets from the same Chinese etymon, but their meanings differ: mỗi emphasises individuality (“each”), while mọi emphasises collectivity (“every”). Derived terms Derived terms mọi người mọi vật Etymology 2 From Proto-Vietic mɔːlʔ (“human being”) (secondary borrowing from a Muong lect?); cognate with Muong mõl* (“human being”). Further origin uncertain: Schuessler (2007: 391,392) proposes that Vietic mɔːlʔ is cognate to Old Khmer jmol* (“male (of animals)”) (⇒ Khmer ឈ្មោល (chmool)), Old Mon jmūr ~ jmur (“male (elephant)”), Semelai rəmɔːl (“male”) as well as Vietic c-mɔːlʔ (“digging stick”); according to Schuessler, both "male" and "digging stick" derived from a stem represented in Khmu [script needed] (crmɔɔl, “digging stick”), [script needed] (cmɔ:l, “to plant (rice) with digging stick”), and Old Khmer cval* (“to enter, penetrate, (of animals) copulate”)[1] (⇒ Khmer ចូល (coul)). If so, from *čɑɑr "to dig, to delve"[2] (Ferlus, 1989-1990: 54-56). Compare also Vietnamese xoi (“to bore, to perforate”), xói, moi, mói (“to delve, to dig out”), which are this root's reflexes with back vowels. However, Ferlus did not deem Vietnamese mọi and Muong mõl to be derivatives of *čaar; instead, he relates them to Khmu [script needed] (hmmaːl, “soul”) (Ferlus: 55); If so, Proto-Vietic mɔːlʔ (“human being”) would be a derivative of Proto-Mon-Khmer smuul ~ smuəl ~ smaal ~ smal (“shadow, soul”) (Shorto, 2006: #1779); nevertheless, Shorto did not include Vietic items as this reflexes[3]. Noun mọi (𤞦, 𧖦, 𬠱) (derogatory) barbarian References Schuessler, Axel (2007). ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press Ferlus, Michel. "Sur l'origine géographique des languages Viet-Muong". Mon-Khmer Studies (18-19). 1989-1990 Shorto, H. A Mon-Khmer Comparative Dictionary, Ed. Paul Sidwell, 2006
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