mund

See also: Mund and mund'

English

Etymology

From Middle English and Old English mund, from Proto-Germanic *mundō (“hand, protection, security”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /mʊnd/, /mʌnd/
Rhymes: -ʊnd, -ʌnd

Noun

mund (countable and uncountable, plural munds)

(obsolete) A hand.
(obsolete) Security, granted by a king or earl, the violation of which was punished by a fine (a mundbyrd).
(obsolete) Protection; guardianship.

Derived terms

mundbreach

Anagrams

UNDM

Albanian

Etymology 1

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *mn̥(s)-dʰh₁-. Compare Old Norse munda (“aim, strive”), Gothic 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍉𐌽 (mundōn, “look up”), Old High German muntar (“keen, eager”), Ancient Greek μανθάνω (manthánō, “learn”), Lithuanian mañdras (“alert, awake, smart, minxish”).

Standard/Tosk variant of Gheg Albanian mûn(d); [d]-sound lost among majority Gheg dialects due to nasal vowels (which do not exist in Tosk).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /mʊnd/

Noun

mund m (indefinite plural -, definite singular mundi) (Standard)
mûn(d) m (indefinite plural -, definite singular mûn(d)i) (Gheg)

agony, toil, great effort
arduous and hard work (that pays off)
tribulation, cause of trouble or suffer

Derived terms

mundur
mundje f, mundja f
mundim m, mundimi m

Related terms

Muji

Etymology 2

Cognate to Arvanitic / Arbëresh Albanian múndënj[1] and Gheg Albanian mûj. Lost [nd]-cluster among majority Gheg dialects (due to nasal vowels), while the [d]-sound in Tosk participle mundur shifted to a [t] in Gheg mûjt.Either from Proto-Indo-European *meHndʰ- (“to pay attention, wisdom”) or Proto-Indo-European *magʰ- (“can, to be able (to do)”). Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *men(s)-dʰ(e)h₂ (“to learn”).

According to Gustav Meyer a cognate to Old High German muntar (“awake, alert, fresh”) and Lithuanian mundrùs (“cheerful, merry”) as cognates. Norbert Jokel agreed with Meyer and added cognated Lithuanian mandrùs (“high spirited”) and Proto-Slavic *mǫdrъ (“wise”).[2][3][4] Going back to Proto-Indo-European *meHndʰ- (“to pay attention, wisdom”). From the same P-I-E-root:
→ Proto-Germanic *mundōną, *mundraz (→ Old High German muntar (“awake, alter, fresh”))
→ Ancient Greek μανθάνω (manthánō, “to learn”) (→ reflecting on alb. noun mund (“agony, hard work, etc.”). See etymology 1 above).
According to Eqrem Çabej and Bardhyl Demiraj either a cognate to Greek μόγος (mógos, “trouble, distress”) (cf. albanian noun Albanian mund (“agony, hard work, trouble”)) or a cognate to Old High German magan (“to be able”).[5][6] From Proto-Albanian *māK(e)nT-, from Proto-Indo-European *magʰ- (“can, to be able (to do)”). From the same P-I-E-root derived:
→ Proto-Slavic *moťь (→ Old Church Slavonic мошти (mošti, “to be able”))
→ Proto-Germanic *mahtiz, *mahtuz, *maginą (→ Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽 (magan, “to be able, have power”), Old High German magan, English may). Cf. English maybe, German möglich (“possibly”) with Albanian mundësi (“possibility”) and active mund switching its meaning from “can” to passive “could, try, maybe” (mundem).
Eric P. Hamp suggested to Lithuanian išmintìs (“to be able”)[7] (cf. also Lithuanian išmėginti (“try”) and išmintìs (“wisdom”)).
Vladimir Orel derived it from Proto-Albanian *manda. Cognate to Lithuanian mudà (“possibility”), Lithuanian mudúoti (“to try, attempt”) and Sanskrit módate (“to rejoice, be merry”).[8] Cf. meaning of Albanian mundësi (“possibility”), mundim (“trying”) and mundoj (“I try”) with the Baltic cognates.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /mʊnd/

Verb

(active) mund (first-person singular past tense munda, participle mundur)[9]
(active) mûj (first-person singular past tense mûjta, participle mûjt(un)) (Gheg)

(active, intransitive) I can, I am able; I have the opportunity, power or ability
(active) I beat, I win over, I conquer
(active) (grammatical particle used for conjunctive forms + të)
A mund të më tregoni shtëpinë?
Could you show me the house?
(active, 3rd person) could be possible; possibly, maybe, perhaps (used as a semi-auxiliary verb + të)
(active, 3rd person, negatory) unable/impossible + to (in combination with negatory s, s', nuk (but not with mos) + të (“to”))

(passive) múndem (first-person singular past tense u munda, participle mundur)[10]
(passive) mûjhna (first-person singular past tense u mûjta, participle mûjt(un)) (Gheg)

(passive, reflexive) I can no longer, I can't; I am not able, impossible for me
(passive) maybe, perhaps, it could, so it be (as a particle)
Synonyms: mbase, ndoshta, vaki

Verb

(active) mund (first-person singular past tense munda, participle mundur)[11]
(active) mûj (first-person singular past tense u mûjta, participle mûjt(un)) (Gheg)

(active, transitive) I defeat, beat (someone); I emerge victorious (in a match, battle)
(active) I survive, get over, beat (a fear, illness, disease)
(active, figurative, 3rd person) (+ short pronoun forms) put down, take away/over (force, power, ability, etc.)
Më mundi gjumi.
The sleep took over me

(passive) múndem (first-person singular past tense u munda, participle mundur)[12]
(passive) mûjhna (first-person singular past tense u mûjta, participle mûjt(un)) (Gheg)

(passive, reflexive) wrestle, fight or encounter with someone
Synonyms: luftoj, rrok, kap
(passive) I try to get over (it) (ache, pain, heartbreak, grief, hard work, etc.)
Synonyms: mundoj, provoj

Conjugation

Standard Albanian conjugation of mund (active voice)

		singular (njëjës)			plural (shumës)
participle (pjesore)			mundur
gerund (përcjellore)			duke mundur
infinitive (paskajore)			për të mundur
		1st pers. (veta e 1rë)	2nd pers. (veta e 2të)	3rd pers. (veta e 3të)	1st pers. (veta e 1rë)	2nd pers. (veta e 2të)	3rd pers. (veta e 3të)
indicative (dëftore)		unë	ti	ai/ajo	ne	ju	ata/ato
	present (e tashme)	mund	mund	mund	mundim	mundni	mundin
	imperfect (e pakryer)	mundja	mundje	mundte	mundnim	mundnit	mundnin
	aorist (simple past) (e kryer e thjeshtë)	munda	munde	mundi	mundëm	mundët	mundën
	perfect (e kryer)	kam mundur	ke mundur	ka mundur	kemi mundur	keni mundur	kanë mundur
	past perfect (më se e kryer)	kisha mundur	kishe mundur	kishte mundur	kishim mundur	kishit mundur	kishin mundur
	aorist II (past perfect II) (e kryer e tejshkuar)	pata mundur	pate mundur	pati mundur	patëm mundur	patët mundur	patën mundur
	future¹ (e ardhme)	do të mund	do të mundësh	do të mundë	do të mundim	do të mundni	do të mundin
	future perfect² (e ardhme e përparme)	do të kem mundur	do të kesh mundur	do të ketë mundur	do të kemi mundur	do të keni mundur	do të kenë mundur

subjunctive (lidhore)		unë	ti	ai/ajo	ne	ju	ata/ato
	present (e tashme)	të mund	të mundësh	të mundë	të mundim	të mundni	të mundin
	imperfect (e pakryer)	të mundja	të mundje	të mundte	të mundnim	të mundnit	të mundnin
	perfect (e kryer)	të kem mundur	të kesh mundur	të ketë mundur	të kemi mundur	të keni mundur	të kenë mundur
	past perfect (më se e kryer)	të kisha mundur	të kishe mundur	të kishte mundur	të kishim mundur	të kishit mundur	të kishin mundur

conditional¹^,² (kushtore)		unë	ti	ai/ajo	ne	ju	ata/ato
	imperfect (e pakryer)	do të mundja	do të mundje	do të mundte	do të mundnim	do të mundnit	do të mundnin
	past perfect (më se e kryer)	do të kisha mundur	do të kishe mundur	do të kishte mundur	do të kishim mundur	do të kishit mundur	do të kishin mundur

optative (dëshirore)		unë	ti	ai/ajo	ne	ju	ata/ato
	present (e tashme)	mundsha	mundsh	mundtë	mundshim	mundshit	mundshin
	perfect (e kryer)	paça mundur	paç mundur	pastë mundur	paçim mundur	paçit mundur	paçin mundur

admirative (habitore)		unë	ti	ai/ajo	ne	ju	ata/ato
	present (e tashme)	mundkam	mundke	mundka	mundkemi	mundkeni	mundkan
	imperfect (pakryer)	mundkësha	mundkëshe	mundkësh	mundkëshim	mundkëshit	mundkëshin
	perfect (e kryer)	paskam mundur	paske mundur	paska mundur	paskemi mundur	paskeni mundur	paskan mundur
	past perfect (më se e kryer)	paskësha mundur	paskëshe mundur	paskësh mundur	paskëshim mundur	paskëshit mundur	paskëshin mundur
imperative (urdhërore)		—	ti	—	—	ju	—
imperative (urdhërore)	present (e tashme)	—	mund	—	—	mundni	—
¹) indicative future identical with conditional present ²) indicative future perfect identical with conditional perfect

Derived terms

mundem (passive), mundur (participle)
mundësi f, mundësia f
mundim m, mundimi m
mundshëm, mundshme
mundbjerrët
mundës m, mundësi m
mundësisht
mundimshëm, mundimshme
mundoj (active), mundohem (passive), munduar (participle)
mundqar m, mundqari m
mundzi m, mundzezë f

References

Bardhyl Demiraj, Peter Dayan (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz (Albanian Etymologies: Studies on the Albanian hereditary vocabulary), Editions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam - Atlanta GA, →ISBN, page 281, 460, 452
Gustav Meyer (1892) Albanesische Studien III. Lautlehre des indogermanischen Bestandteile des Albanesischen, Carl Gerold's Sohn, page 64, 80
Gustav Meyer (1891) Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache, Trübner, page 291
Jokl, Norbert (1911) Studien zur albanesischen Etymologie und Wortbildung (Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften; 168) (in German), Vienna: A. Hölder, page 58
Eqrem Çabej (1976/1982) Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes, Tiranë Akad. e Shkencave e RP të Shqipërisë, Inst. i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë, →ISBN Invalid ISBN, page 357-358
Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎ (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 281-283
Werner Winter (1965) Evidence for Laryngeals, The Hague, Mouton, page 138
Orel, Vladimir (1998), “mund”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 277-278
active verb mund (I - intransitive) (aorist munda; participle mundur) • Fjalor Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)
passive verb mundem (múndem) (I - reflexive) (aorist u munda; participle mundur) • Fjalor Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)
active verb mund (II - transitive) (aorist munda; participle mundur) • Fjalor Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)
passive verb mundem (múndem) (II - reflexive) (aorist u munda; participle mundur) • Fjalor Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)

Danish

mund

Etymology

From Old Norse muðr, munnr, from Proto-Germanic *munþaz, cognate with English mouth, German Mund.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /monˀ/, [ˈmɔnˀ]

Noun

mund c (singular definite munden, plural indefinite munde)

mouth (the opening of an animal through which food is ingested)

Inflection

Declension of mund

common gender	Singular		Plural
common gender	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	mund	munden	munde	mundene
genitive	munds	mundens	mundes	mundenes

Derived terms

mundaflæsning
mundart
mundbevægelse
mundbind
mundblæse
munde
mundfuld
mundharmonika
mundharpe
mundheld
mundhugges
mundkurv
mundlam
mundlæder
mundret
mundskænk
mundstykke
mundtlig
mundtøj
mundvand
mundvig
overmund
slikmund
trutmund
undermund

Verb

mund

imperative of munde

Icelandic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /mʏnt/
Rhymes: -ʏnt

Etymology 1

From Old Norse mund, from Proto-Germanic *mundō.

Noun

mund f (genitive singular mundar, nominative plural mundir)

(poetic) hand

Declension

declension of mund

	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
f-s2	singular		plural
nominative	mund	mundin	mundir	mundirnar
accusative	mund	mundina	mundir	mundirnar
dative	mund	mundinni	mundum	mundunum
genitive	mundar	mundarinnar	munda	mundanna

Synonyms

(hand): hönd

Derived terms

morgunstund gefur gull í mund (“the early bird catches the worm”)

Etymology 2

Related to Old Norse munda (“to aim, to strive”), Old High German muntar (“keen, eager”), from Proto-Germanic *mundraz (“alert”).

Noun

mund f (genitive singular mundar, nominative plural mundir) or mund n (genitive singular munds, nominative plural mund)

Used only in set phrases.

Declension

declension of mund

	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
f-s2	singular		plural
nominative	mund	mundin	mundir	mundirnar
accusative	mund	mundina	mundir	mundirnar
dative	mund	mundinni	mundum	mundunum
genitive	mundar	mundarinnar	munda	mundanna

or

declension of mund

	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
n-s	singular		plural
nominative	mund	mundið	mund	mundin
accusative	mund	mundið	mund	mundin
dative	mundi	mundinu	mundum	mundunum
genitive	munds	mundsins	munda	mundanna

Derived terms

í sömu mund/í sama mund (“at the same time”)
um þær mundir (“in those days, around that time”)

Related terms

mundur

Middle English

Alternative forms

munde, mounde, mound

Etymology

From Old English mund, from Proto-Germanic *mundō.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /muːnd/, /mund/

Noun

mund (plural moundes or munden)

Might, ability, or skill.
Magnitude, greatness, utility, or usefulness.
(rare) Protection, guarding, defence
(rare) A hand, especially as a measurement.
(rare) A band of warriors or fighters.

Descendants

English: mound, mund
Scots: moond

References

“mǒund(e, n.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-20.

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *mundō (“hand, guard, security”).

Cognate with Old Frisian mund m (“guardian”), Old Norse mund-r m (noun, literally “sum paid by a bridegroom for his bride”), Old Saxon mund (“hand”, noun), Old High German munt m (“protector”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /mund/

Noun

mund f (nominative plural munda or munde)

(poetic) hand, palm as a measure of length. In this meaning is not used later than OE period [OED].
trust, security, protection
protector, guardian

Declension

Declension of mund (strong ō-stem)

Case	Singular	Plural
nominative	mund	munda, munde
accusative	munde	munda, munde
genitive	munde	munda
dative	munde	mundum

Derived terms

Ceolmund
mundbyrd
mundgripe

Descendants

Middle English: mund
- English: mound, mund
⇒ English: Cholmondeley (from Ċēolmunde + lēah)
⇒ English: Chulmleigh (from Ċēolmunde + lēah)
⇒ English: Cholmondeston (from Ċēolmunde + -es + -tūn)

Old French

Etymology

From Latin mundus.

Noun

mund m (oblique plural munz or muntz, nominative singular munz or muntz, nominative plural mund)

the world

Old High German

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *munþ.

Noun

mund m

(anatomy) mouth

Declension

Declension of mund (masculine a-stem)

case	singular	plural
nominative	mund	munda
accusative	mund	munda
genitive	mundes	mundo
dative	munde	mundum
instrumental	mundu	—

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *mundō (“hand”).Further cognates see there.

Noun

mund f

hand

Descendants

Icelandic: mund
Old Swedish: mund

References

“mund”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Romansch

Alternative forms

(Surmiran) mond
(Puter, Vallader) muond

Etymology

From Latin mundus.

Noun

mund m (plural munds)

(Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan) world

Swedish

Noun

mund c

(archaic) a mouth
Synonym: mun

Declension

Declension of mund
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	mund	munden	mundar	mundarna
Genitive	munds	mundens	mundars	mundarnas

References

mund in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

[1] Bardhyl Demiraj, Peter Dayan (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz (Albanian Etymologies: Studies on the Albanian hereditary vocabulary), Editions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam - Atlanta GA, →ISBN, page 281, 460, 452

[2] Gustav Meyer (1892) Albanesische Studien III. Lautlehre des indogermanischen Bestandteile des Albanesischen, Carl Gerold's Sohn, page 64, 80

[3] Gustav Meyer (1891) Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache, Trübner, page 291

[4] Jokl, Norbert (1911) Studien zur albanesischen Etymologie und Wortbildung (Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften; 168) (in German), Vienna: A. Hölder, page 58

[5] Eqrem Çabej (1976/1982) Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes, Tiranë Akad. e Shkencave e RP të Shqipërisë, Inst. i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë, →ISBN Invalid ISBN, page 357-358

[6] Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎ (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 281-283

[7] Werner Winter (1965) Evidence for Laryngeals, The Hague, Mouton, page 138

[8] Orel, Vladimir (1998), “mund”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 277-278

[9] tive verb mund (I - intransitive) (aorist munda; participle mundur) • Fjalor Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)

[10] ssive verb mundem (múndem) (I - reflexive) (aorist u munda; participle mundur) • Fjalor Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)

[11] tive verb mund (II - transitive) (aorist munda; participle mundur) • Fjalor Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)

[12] ssive verb mundem (múndem) (II - reflexive) (aorist u munda; participle mundur) • Fjalor Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)

mund

English

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

Anagrams

Albanian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

Related terms

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Verb

Verb

Conjugation

Derived terms

References

Further reading

Danish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Inflection

Derived terms

See also

Verb

Icelandic

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Declension

Synonyms

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Related terms

Middle English

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Descendants

References

Old English

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Descendants

Old French

Etymology

Noun

Old High German

Etymology

Noun

Declension

Old Norse

Etymology

Noun

Descendants

References

Romansch

Alternative forms

Etymology

Noun

Swedish

Noun

Declension

References