-mu
See also: Appendix:Variations of "mu"
Estonian
Etymology
Etymology unclear. Originally a dialectism, revitalised by Estonian terminologist and lexicographer Johannes Voldemar Veski. Possibly from Proto-Finnic *-ma + Proto-Finnic *-o. Compare Finnish -mo.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈ-mu/
Suffix
-mu (genitive -mu, partitive -mut)
- Forms nouns indicating a place.
- valama (“to pour”) + -mu → valamu (“sink, basin”)
- vara (“asset”) + -mu → varamu (“collection of assets with a high value”)
- püha (“sacred, holy, saint”) + -mu → pühamu (“sanctuary”)
- era- (“private”) + -mu → eramu (“private house”)
Declension
Inflection of -mu (ÕS type 1/ohutu, no gradation)
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -mu | -mud |
| accusative | -mu | -mud |
| genitive | -mu | -mute |
| partitive | -mut | -muid |
| illative | -musse | -mutesse -muisse |
| inessive | -mus | -mutes -muis |
| elative | -must | -mutest -muist |
| allative | -mule | -mutele -muile |
| adessive | -mul | -mutel -muil |
| ablative | -mult | -mutelt -muilt |
| translative | -muks | -muteks -muiks |
| terminative | -muni | -muteni |
| essive | -muna | -mutena |
| abessive | -muta | -muteta |
| comitative | -muga | -mutega |
Derived terms
Estonian terms suffixed with -mu
Indonesian
Etymology
From Malay -mu, From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *mu, from Proto-Austronesian *mu.
Suffix
-mu
- yours (possessive suffix)
Related terms
- kamu
- -ku
- -nya
Kambera
Pronoun
-mu
- second person singular genitive enclitic
See also
Kambera pronominal clitics
| Nominative | Genitive | Accusative | Dative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | ku- | -nggu | -ka | -ngga |
| 2sg | mu- (u-) | -mu | -kau | -nggau |
| 3sg | na- | -na | -ya | -nya |
| 1pl.incl | ta- | -nda | -ta | -nda |
| 1pl.excl | ma- | -ma | -kama | -nggama |
| 2pl | mi- (i-) | -mi | -kami (-kai) | -nggami (-nggai) |
| 3pl | da- | -da | -ha | -nja |
Laboya
Pronoun
-mu
- second person singular subject enclitic
- second person singular possessive enclitic
See also
Laboya pronominal clitics
| Subject | Subject/Possessive | Object | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Person | |||
| 1sg | gu- | -gu | -ga |
| 2sg | mu- | -mu | -gu |
| 3sg | na- | -na | -ni |
| 1pl.incl | da- | -da | -da |
| 1pl.excl | ma- | -ma | -gama |
| 2pl | mi- | -mi | -gimi |
| 3pl | ɗa- | -ɗa | -di |
Malay
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *mu, from Proto-Austronesian *mu.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /mu/
- Rhymes: -mu, -u
Suffix
-mu
- you, your
- Aku telah memulangkan penselmu.
- I've returned your pencil.
- Aku rela berada bersamamu.
- I'd rather be with you.
- Aku telah memulangkan penselmu.
See also
Malay personal pronouns
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | standard | saya / ساي aku/ku- / اکو / كو- (informal/towards God) -ku / -كو (informal possessive) hamba / همبا (dated) | kami / کامي (exclusive) kita orang / كيت اورڠ (informal exclusive) kita / کيت (inclusive) |
| royal | beta / بيتا | ||
| 2nd person | standard | kamu / کامو anda / اندا (formal) | |
| engkau/kau- / اڠکاو/ كاو- (informal/towards God) awak / اوق (friendly/older towards younger) -mu / -مو (possessive) | kalian / کاليان kamu semua / كامو سموا kau orang / كاو اورڠ (informal) | ||
| royal | tuanku / توانكو | ||
| 3rd person | standard | dia / دي ia / اي beliau / بلياو (honorific) -nya / -ڽ (possessive) | mereka / مريک dia orang / دي اورڠ (informal) |
| royal | baginda / بݢيندا | ||
Quechua
Suffix
-mu
- cislocative, translocative.
- apay (“to carry”) → apamuy (“to bring; to take”)
- tiyay (“to sit”) → tiyamuy (“to come sit; to go sit”)
Uneapa
Etymology
From Proto-Oceanic *-mu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-mu, from Proto-Austronesian *-amu.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /mi/
Suffix
-mu
- A second-person plural possessive suffix.
Further reading
- Terry Crowley et al, The Oceanic Languages (2013), page 365