and

See also: Appendix:Variations of "and"

English

Pronunciation

(stressed) enPR: ănd, ĕnd IPA^(key): /ænd/, /ɛnd/
- Audio (US) (file)
  (see /æ/ raising)
- Rhymes: -ænd, -ɛnd
(unstressed) enPR: ən(d) IPA^(key): /ənd/, /ən/, /æn/, /ɛn/, /ɛnd/, /n̩d/, /n̩/
- Audio (US) (ham and eggs) (file)
- Audio (Berkshire, England) (file)
(unstressed or, for some speakers, stressed) Homophone: end
(unstressed) Homophone: an

Etymology 1

From Middle English and, an, from Old English and, from Proto-Germanic *andi, *anþi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Cognate with Scots an (“and”), North Frisian en (“and”), West Frisian en, in (“and”), Low German un (“and”), Dutch en (“and”), German und (“and”), Danish end (“but”), Swedish än (“yet, but”), Icelandic enn (“still, yet”), Albanian edhe (“and”) (dialectal ênde, ênne), ende (“still, yet, therefore”), Latin ante (“opposite, in front of”), and Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí, “opposite, facing”).

Alternative forms

an'
'n' (n)

Conjunction

and

As a coordinating conjunction; expressing two elements to be taken together or in addition to each other.
1. Used simply to connect two noun phrases, adjectives or adverbs. [from 8th c.]
  - c. 1430 (reprinted 1888), Thomas Austin, ed., Two Fifteenth-century Cookery-books. Harleian ms. 279 (ab. 1430), & Harl. ms. 4016 (ab. 1450), with Extracts from Ashmole ms. 1429, Laud ms. 553, & Douce ms. 55 [Early English Text Society, Original Series; 91], London: N. Trübner & Co. for the Early English Text Society, volume I, OCLC 374760, page 11:
    Soupes dorye. — Take gode almaunde mylke […] caste þher-to Safroun an Salt […]
  - c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act V, scene i]:
    Sweet lady, you have given me life and living; […]
  - 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, Genesis 1:1:
    In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
  - 1817 December, [Jane Austen], Persuasion; published in Northanger Abbey: And Persuasion. […], volume (please specify |volume=III or IV), London: John Murray, […], 1818, OCLC 318384910:
    as for Mrs. Smith, she had claims of various kinds to recommend her quickly and permanently.
  - 2011, Mark Townsend, The Guardian, 5 November:
    ‘The UKBA has some serious explaining to do if it is routinely carrying out such abusive and unlawful inspections.’
2. Simply connecting two clauses or sentences. [from 8th c.]
  - 1991, Jung Chang, Wild Swans:
    When she saw several boys carrying a huge wooden case full of porcelain, she mumbled to Jinming that she was going to have a look, and left the room.
  - 2011, Helena Smith & Tom Kington, The Guardian, 5 November:
    "Consensus is essential for the country," he said, adding that he was not "tied" to his post and was willing to step aside.
3. Introducing a clause or sentence which follows on in time or consequence from the first. [from 9th c.]
  - 1996, David Beasley, Chocolate for the Poor:
    ‘But if you think you can get it, Christian, you're a fool. Set one foot upcountry and I'll kill you.’
  - 2004, Will Buckley, The Observer:, 22 August:
    One more error and all the good work she had done on Friday would be for nought.
  - 2007: Jimmy Carr, 8 out of 10 Cats, 13th day of July episode
    Romance is dead; men killed it, and made women clean up the mess.
4. (obsolete) Yet; but. [10th–17th c.]
  - 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, Matthew XXII::
    Hee said, I goe sir, and went not.
5. Used to connect certain numbers: connecting units when they precede tens (not dated); connecting tens and units to hundreds, thousands etc. (now often omitted in US); to connect fractions to wholes. [from 10th c.]
  - 1863 November 19, Abraham Lincoln, Dedicatory Remarks (Gettysburg Address)‎, near Soldiers' National Cemetery, LCCN n94107481, Bliss copy, page 1:
    Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
  - 1905, Upton Sinclair, chapter XXVI, in The Jungle, New York, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 26 February 1906, OCLC 1150866071:
    In Chicago these latter were receiving, for the most part, eighteen and a half cents an hour, and the unions wished to make this the general wage for the next year.
  - 1956, Dodie Smith, (title):
    The One Hundred and One Dalmatians.
6. (now colloquial or literary) Used to connect more than two elements together in a chain, sometimes to stress the number of elements.
  - 1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Iulius Cæsar”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act II, scene ii]:
    And these does she apply, for warnings and portents, / And euils imminent; and on her knee / Hath begg'd, that I will stay at home to day.
  - 1939, Langley, Ryerson & Woolf, The Wizard of Oz (screenplay):
    Lions, and tigers, and bears! Oh, my!
7. Connecting two identical elements, with implications of continued or infinite repetition. [from 10th c.]
  - 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, Psalms CXLV::
    I will extol thee, my God, O king; and I will bless thy name for ever and ever.
  - 2011, Jonathan Watts, The Guardian, 18 March:
    He was at work in a nearby city when the tsunami struck. ‘As soon as I saw it, I called home. It rang and rang, but there was no answer.’
8. Introducing a parenthetical or explanatory clause. [from 10th c.]
  - 1918, George W. E. Russell, Prime Ministers and Some Others:
    The word "capable" occurs in Mr. Fisher's Bill, and rightly, because our mental and physical capacities are infinitely varied.
  - 2008, The Guardian, 29 Jan 2008:
    President Pervez Musharraf is undoubtedly sincere in his belief that he, and he alone, can save Pakistan from the twin perils of terrorism and anarchy.
9. Introducing the continuation of narration from a previous understood point; also used alone as a question: ‘and so what?’.
  - 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, Revelation XIV::
    And I heard a voice from heaven, as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of a great thunder: and I heard the voice of harpers harping with their harps […].
  - 1860 December – 1861 August, Charles Dickens, Great Expectations […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Chapman and Hall, […], published October 1861, OCLC 3359935:
    ‘You take it smoothly now,’ said I, ‘but you were very serious last night, when you swore it was Death.’ ‘And so I swear it is Death,’ said he, putting his pipe back in his mouth […].
  - 1914, Saki, ‘The Lull’, Beasts and Superbeasts:
    ‘And, Vera,’ added Mrs. Durmot, turning to her sixteen-year-old niece, ‘be careful what colour ribbon you wear in your hair […].’
10. (now regional or somewhat colloquial) Used to connect two verbs where the second is dependent on the first: ‘to’. Used especially after come, go and try. [from 14th c.]
  - 1817 (date written), Jane Austen, R[aymond] W[ilson] Chambers, editor, Fragment of a Novel Written by Jane Austen, January–March 1817 […] [Sanditon], Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, published 1925, OCLC 542356:
    Beyond paying her a few charming compliments and amusing her with gay conversation, had he done anything at all to try and gain her affection?
  - 1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, Vanity Fair […], London: Bradbury and Evans […], published 1848, OCLC 3174108:
    "What have you a been and given Pitt's wife?" said the individual in ribbons, when Pitt and Lady Jane had taken leave of the old gentleman.
  - 1989, James Kelman, A Disaffection:
    Remember and help yourself to the soup! called Gavin.
11. Introducing a qualitative difference between things having the same name; "as well as other". [from 16th c.]
  - 1936, The Labour Monthly, vol. XVIII:
    Undoubtedly every party makes mistakes. But there are mistakes and mistakes.
  - 1972, Esquire, vol. LXXVIII:
    "There are managers and there are managers," he tells me. "I'm totally involved in every aspect of Nina's career."
12. Used to combine numbers in addition; plus (with singular or plural verb). [from 17th c.]
  - 1791, James Boswell, Life of Samuel Johnson:
    ‘Nobody attempts to dispute that two and two make four: but with contests concerning moral truth, human passions are generally mixed […].’
  - 1871, Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There:
    ‘Can you do Addition?’ the White Queen asked. ‘What's one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one?’
(heading) Expressing a condition.
1. (now US dialect) If; provided that. [from 13th c.]
  - 1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book VII:
    "Where ys Sir Launcelot?" seyde King Arthure. "And he were here, he wolde nat grucche to do batayle for you."
  - 1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], OCLC 762018299, Matthew ]:
    Peter answered, and sayde: master, and thou be he, bidde me come unto the on the water.
  - 1958, Shirley Ann Grau, The Hard Blue Sky:
    "And he went slower," Mike said softly, "he go better."
2. (obsolete) As if, as though. [15th–17th c.]
  - c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act I, scene ii]:
    I will roare you, and 'twere any Nightingale.
  - 1625, Francis [Bacon], “Of Innovations”, in The Essayes […], 3rd edition, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, OCLC 863521290:
    As they will set an house on fire, and it were but to roast their eggs.
(mathematics, logic) connecting two well-formed formulas to create a well formed formula that requires the new formula to only be true when each of the two are true.

Usage notes

Beginning a sentence with and or other coordinating conjunctions is considered incorrect by classical grammarians arguing that a coordinating conjunction at the start of a sentence has nothing to connect, but use of the word in this way is very common. The practice will be found in literature from Anglo-Saxon times onwards, especially as an aid to continuity in narrative and dialogue. The OED provides examples from the 9th century to the 19th century, including one from Shakespeare’s King John: “Arthur. Must you with hot Irons, burne out both mine eyes? Hubert. Young boy, I must. Arthur. And will you? Hubert. And I will.” It is also used for other rhetorical purposes, especially to denote surprise

(O John! and you have seen him! And are you really going?—1884 in OED)

and sometimes just to introduce an improvised afterthought

(I’m going to swim. And don’t you dare watch—G. Butler, 1983)

It is, however, poor style to separate short statements into separate sentences when no special effect is needed: I opened the door and I looked into the room (not *I opened the door. And I looked into the room). Combining sentences or starting with in addition or moreover is preferred in formal writing.

And is often omitted for contextual effects of various kinds, especially between sequences of descriptive adjectives which can be separated by commas or simply by spaces

(The teeming jerrybuilt dun-coloured traffic-ridden deafening city—Penelope Lively, 1987)

And all is a well-established tag added to the end of a statement, as in

Isn’t it amazing? He has a Ph.D. and all—J. Shute, 1992

With the nominal meaning “also, besides, in addition”, the use has origins in dialect, as can be seen from the material from many regions given in the English Dialect Dictionary (often written in special ways, e.g., ano', an'-all, an' a'). In many of the examples it seems to lack any perceptible lexical meaning and to be just a rhythmical device to eke out a sentence.

Synonyms

(used to connect two similar words or phrases): as well as, together with, in addition to
(informal): &, 'n', +
(in artist collaborations): x

Derived terms

Antigua and Barbuda, Bosnia and Herzegovina, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, , Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, São Tomé and Príncipe, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Wallis and Futuna

Related terms

equal to
false
if
iff
implies
nand
nor
not
or
true
xor

Translations

See and/translations § Conjunction.

Noun

and (plural ands)

(music, often informal) In rhythm, the second half of a divided beat.
- 2006, Goodwin, Gordon, Gordon Goodwin's Big Phat Band: Trumpet, page 51:
  The same goes for measure 42, when you begin the phrase on the and of 1, because that kind of lick can easily bog down the time.

Etymology 2

From Middle English ande, from Old English anda (“grudge, enmity, malice, envy, hatred, anger, zeal, annoyance, vexation; zeal; injury, mischief; fear, horror”) and Old Norse andi (“breath, wind, spirit”); both from Proto-Germanic *anadô (“breath, anger, zeal”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe, blow”). Cognate with German Ahnd, And (“woe, grief”), Danish ånde (“breath”), Swedish anda, ande (“spirit, breath, wind, ingenuity, intellect”), Icelandic andi (“spirit”), Albanian ëndë (“pleasure, delight”), Latin animus (“spirit, soul”). Related to onde.

Alternative forms

aynd, eind, eynd, yane, end

Noun

and (plural ands)

(UK dialectal) Breath.
(UK dialectal) Sea smoke; steam fog.

Etymology 3

From Middle English anden, from Old English andian (“to be envious or jealous, envy”) and Old Norse anda (“to breathe”); both from Proto-Germanic *anadōną (“to breathe, sputter”). Cognate with German ahnden (“to avenge, punish”), Danish ånde (“to breathe”), Swedish andas (“to breathe”), Icelandic anda (“to breathe”). See above.

Alternative forms

eind, eynd, ein

Verb

and (third-person singular simple present ands, present participle anding, simple past and past participle anded)

(UK dialectal, intransitive) To breathe; whisper; devise; imagine.

Anagrams

-dan, ADN, DAN, DNA, Dan, Dan., NAD, NDA, dan, dna, nad

Azerbaijani

Other scripts
Cyrillic		анд
Perso-Arabic		آند‎

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *Ānt (“oath”).[1] Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰦‎ (nt), Turkish ant.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɑnd]
Audio (Baku) (file)

Noun

and (definite accusative andı, plural andlar)

oath

Declension

Declension of and
	singular	plural
nominative	and	andlar
definite accusative	andı	andları
dative	anda	andlara
locative	andda	andlarda
ablative	anddan	andlardan
definite genitive	andın	andların

Possessive forms of and
	nominative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	andım	andlarım
sənin (“your”)	andın	andların
onun (“his/her/its”)	andı	andları
bizim (“our”)	andımız	andlarımız
sizin (“your”)	andınız	andlarınız
onların (“their”)	andı or andları	andları
	accusative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	andımı	andlarımı
sənin (“your”)	andını	andlarını
onun (“his/her/its”)	andını	andlarını
bizim (“our”)	andımızı	andlarımızı
sizin (“your”)	andınızı	andlarınızı
onların (“their”)	andını or andlarını	andlarını
	dative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	andıma	andlarıma
sənin (“your”)	andına	andlarına
onun (“his/her/its”)	andına	andlarına
bizim (“our”)	andımıza	andlarımıza
sizin (“your”)	andınıza	andlarınıza
onların (“their”)	andına or andlarına	andlarına
	locative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	andımda	andlarımda
sənin (“your”)	andında	andlarında
onun (“his/her/its”)	andında	andlarında
bizim (“our”)	andımızda	andlarımızda
sizin (“your”)	andınızda	andlarınızda
onların (“their”)	andında or andlarında	andlarında
	ablative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	andımdan	andlarımdan
sənin (“your”)	andından	andlarından
onun (“his/her/its”)	andından	andlarından
bizim (“our”)	andımızdan	andlarımızdan
sizin (“your”)	andınızdan	andlarınızdan
onların (“their”)	andından or andlarından	andlarından
	genitive
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	andımın	andlarımın
sənin (“your”)	andının	andlarının
onun (“his/her/its”)	andının	andlarının
bizim (“our”)	andımızın	andlarımızın
sizin (“your”)	andınızın	andlarınızın
onların (“their”)	andının or andlarının	andlarının

Derived terms

and içmək (“to take an oath”)

References

Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*Ānt”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

Danish

Etymology

From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, cognate with German Ente, Dutch eend. The Germanic noun derives from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts (“duck”), which is also the source of Latin anas, Ancient Greek νῆττα (nêtta), Lithuanian ántis, Sanskrit आति (ātí).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /anˀ/, [ænˀ]
Rhymes: -and

Noun

and c (singular definite anden, plural indefinite ænder)

duck
canard (false or misleading report or story)

Declension

Declension of and

common gender	Singular		Plural
common gender	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	and	anden	ænder	ænderne
genitive	ands	andens	ænders	ændernes

Estonian

Etymology

From the root of andma. Cognate with Finnish anti.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɑnʲd̥/, [ˈɑnʲd̥]

Noun

and (genitive anni, partitive andi)

offering, gift
alms, donation
giftedness, talent
act of giving

Declension

Declension of and (type paks)

	singular	plural
nominative	and	annid
genitive	anni	andide
partitive	andi	ande / andisid
illative	andi / annisse	andidesse
inessive	annis	andides
elative	annist	andidest
allative	annile	andidele
adessive	annil	andidel
ablative	annilt	andidelt
translative	anniks	andideks
terminative	annini	andideni
essive	annina	andidena
abessive	annita	andideta
comitative	anniga	andidega

Gothic

Romanization

and

Romanization of 𐌰𐌽𐌳

Livonian

Alternative forms

(Courland) andõ

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *antadak, from Proto-Uralic *ëmta-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɑnd/

Verb

and

(Salaca) to give

Middle English

Alternative forms

annd, ant, an, en
⁊, &

Etymology

From Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-West Germanic *andi, from Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /and/
(unstressed) IPA^(key): /an/, /ɛn/

Conjunction

and

and, and then (connects two elements of a sentence)
- c. 1200, Ormin, “Dedication”, in Ormulum, lines 1-4:
  Nu broþerr Wallterr broþerr min / Affterr þe flæshess kinde / ⁊ broþerr min i Crisstendom / Þurrh fulluhht ⁊ þurrh trowwþe […]
  Now, brother Walter, my brother / by way of blood relation / and my brother in Christendom / through baptising and through faith […]
- c. 1340, Dan Michel, “Þe oþer Godes Heste”, in Ayenbite of Inwyt:
  Ac þe ilke / þet zuereþ hidousliche be god / oþer by his halȝen / and him to-breȝþ / and zayþ him sclondres / þet ne byeþ naȝt to zigge: þe ilke zeneȝeþ dyadliche […]
  But one who / hideously swears by God / or by his emissaries / and who tears him apart / while saying to him lies / that shouldn't be said: they sin grievously. […]
- c. 1380, Sir Firumbras, lines 4413-4414:
  "Lordes", quaþ Richard, "Buþ noȝt agast, Ac holdeþ forþ ȝour way / an hast & boldeliche doþ ȝour dede […] "
  "Lords", said Richard, "Don't be frightened, but hold your way forwards / and quickly and boldy do your deed […] "
- c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.)‎, published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:8, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:
  ȝhe amen / I am alpha ⁊ oo þe bigynnyng ⁊ þe ende ſeiþ þe loꝛd god þat is / ⁊ þat was. ⁊ that is to comynge almyȝti
  You, Amen! I am Alpha and O, the beginning and the end, says the Lord God; that is, that was, and that which will come, almighty.
- 1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́burẏ (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published c. 1400–1410], OCLC 14061358, folio 2, recto:
  Whan that Auerill w^t his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour […]
  When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]
however, yet, but, though. while
if, supposing that, whether.
(rare) As though, like, in a manner suggesting.

Descendants

English: and
Scots: an
Yola: an, an', and

References

“and, conj. (& adv.).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2019-01-14.

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-ti- (“duck”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɑnː/, /ɑnd/
and (file)

Noun

and f or m (definite singular anda or anden, indefinite plural ender, definite plural endene)

a duck
canard (false or misleading report or story)

Derived terms

Andeby (“Duckburg”)
andunge

References

“and” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /an(d)/, [ɐ̞nd], [ɐ̞nː]

Etymology 1

From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-ti- (“duck”). Akin to English ennet.

Alternative forms

ond
ønd (dialectal)

Noun

and f (definite singular anda, indefinite plural ender, definite plural endene)

a duck (waterbird)

Declension

Declension of and (strong consonant-stem)

feminine	singular		plural
feminine	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	and	anda	ender¹	endene¹
compound-genitive	ande-	―	ande-	―

¹Plural with tonem 1, stemming from older one-syllable forms.

Landsmål declension of and (strong consonant-stem)

feminine	singular		plural
feminine	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	and	andi	ender¹	enderna¹
dative	―	(andenne)	―	andom, ondom
compound-genitive	andar-	―	ande-	―

¹Plural with tonem 1, stemming from older one-syllable forms.

Derived terms

andebryst
Andeby
andebøle
andedam
andedun
andeegg
andefamilie
andefugl
andekall
andestegg
andunge
avisand
dykkand
fiskand
grasand
gravand
isand
krikkand
kvinand
laksand
stokkand
svartand
taffeland
toppand
villand

Etymology 2

From Old Norse ǫnd.

Alternative forms

ond

Noun

and f (definite singular anda, indefinite plural ander, definite plural andene)

breath, spirit
Synonyms: ande, pust

Verb

and

imperative of ande

References

“and” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Anagrams

and-, dan

Old English

Alternative forms

ond, end

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *anda, *andi, probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Compare Old Frisian and, Old Saxon endi, Old High German unti, Old Norse enn.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɑnd/

Conjunction

and

and

Synonyms

⁊ (symbol)

Descendants

Middle English: and, annd, ant, an, en; ⁊, &
- English: and
- Scots: an
- Yola: an, an', and

Adverb

and

even; also

Old Frisian

Alternative forms

ande, ende

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Compare Old English and, Old Saxon endi, Old High German unti, Old Norse enn.

Conjunction

and

and

Descendants

North Frisian: en
Saterland Frisian: un
West Frisian: en, in

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *andom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dó. The adverbial sense of this term is the original one, and it has an etymology independent of i.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /an͈d/

Pronoun

and

third-person singular masculine/neuter dative of hi: in him, in it
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 31^b23
  in bélrai .i. is and atá gním tengad isind huiliu labramar-ni
  of speech, i.e. the action of the tongue is in it, in all that we say

Adverb

and

there
- c. 850-875, Turin Glosses and Scholia on St Mark, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 484–94, Tur. 110c
  Ba bés leusom do·bertis dá boc leu dochum tempuil, ⁊ no·léicthe indala n‑ái fon díthrub co pecad in popuil, ⁊ do·bertis maldachta foir, ⁊ n⟨o⟩·oircthe didiu and ó popul tar cenn a pecthae ind aile.
  It was a custom with them that two he-goats were brought by them to the temple, and one of the two of them was let go to the wilderness with the sin of the people, and curses were put upon him, and thereupon the other was slain there by the people for their sins.
then, in that case
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 4^a27
  Is and didiu for·téit spiritus ar n-énirti-ni in tain bes n-inun accobor lenn .i. la corp et anim et la spirut.
  So it is then that the spirit helps our weakness when we have the same desire, to wit, body and soul and spirit.

Descendants

Middle Irish: ann
- Irish: ann
- Manx: ayn
- Scottish Gaelic: ann

Scots

Conjunction

and

Alternative form of an

Usage notes

While and is relatively often written due to English influence, it is seldom pronounced as such, making way for an. [1]

References

https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/and_conj1

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂t- (“duck”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /and/
audio (file)

Noun

and c

a wild duck

Declension

Declension of and
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	and	anden	änder	änderna
Genitive	ands	andens	änders	ändernas

Related terms

andfågel
andjakt
andmat
andrake
andsträck
andunge
gräsand

References

and in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)

Anagrams

-nad, Dan, dan

Turkish

Noun

and

Archaic form of ant (“oath”).

Yola

Conjunction

and

Alternative form of an (“and”)
- 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY:
  Jaude and maude.
  Crowds and throngs.

References

Jacob Poole (1867), William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, page 49

Zealandic

Etymology

From Middle Dutch hant, from Old Dutch hant, from Proto-Germanic *handuz.

Noun

and f (plural [please provide])

hand

Alternative forms

'and

[1] Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*Ānt”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

[2] ttps://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/and_conj1

and

English

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

Conjunction

Usage notes

Synonyms

Derived terms

Related terms

Translations

See also

Noun

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

Noun

Etymology 3

Alternative forms

Verb

Anagrams

Azerbaijani

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

References

Danish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Further reading

Estonian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Gothic

Romanization

Livonian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Middle English

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Conjunction

Descendants

References

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

References

Norwegian Nynorsk

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

Noun

Verb

References

Anagrams

Old English

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Conjunction

Synonyms

Descendants

Adverb

Old Frisian