madrugar
Galician
Etymology
From Old Galician and Old Portuguese madurgar (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), from Vulgar Latin *mātūricāre, frequentative based on Latin mātūrāre, whence also Galician madurar.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [maðɾuˈɣaɾ]
Verb
madrugar (first-person singular present madrugo, first-person singular preterite madruguei, past participle madrugado)
- to get up early
Conjugation
- Note: madrug- are changed to madrugu- before front vowels (e).
Conjugation of madrugar
| singular | plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| person | first | second | third | first | second | third |
| Infinitive | eu | ti | el/ela/Vde. | nós | vós | eles/elas/Vdes. |
| impersonal | madrugar | |||||
| personal | madrugar | madrugares | madrugar | madrugarmos | madrugardes | madrugaren |
| Gerund | ||||||
| madrugando | ||||||
| Past participle | singular | plural | ||||
| masculine | madrugado | madrugados | ||||
| feminine | madrugada | madrugadas | ||||
| Indicative | eu | ti | el/ela/Vde. | nós | vós | eles/elas/Vdes. |
| present | madrugo | madrugas | madruga | madrugamos | madrugades | madrugan |
| imperfect | madrugaba | madrugabas | madrugaba | madrugabamos | madrugabades | madrugaban |
| preterite | madruguei | madrugaches | madrugou | madrugamos | madrugastes | madrugaron |
| pluperfect | madrugara | madrugaras | madrugara | madrugaramos | madrugarades | madrugaran |
| future | madrugarei | madrugarás | madrugará | madrugaremos | madrugaredes | madrugarán |
| conditional | madrugaría | madrugarías | madrugaría | madrugariamos | madrugariades | madrugarían |
| Subjunctive | eu | ti | el/ela/Vde. | nós | vós | eles/elas/Vdes. |
| present | madrugue | madrugues | madrugue | madruguemos | madruguedes | madruguen |
| preterite | madrugase | madrugases | madrugase | madrugásemos | madrugásedes | madrugasen |
| future | madrugar | madrugares | madrugar | madrugarmos | madrugardes | madrugaren |
| Imperative | – | ti | el/ela/Vde. | nós | vós | eles/elas/Vdes. |
| affirmative | – | madruga | madrugue | madruguemos | madrugade | madruguen |
| negative | – | madrugues | madrugue | madruguemos | madruguedes | madruguen |
Derived terms
- madrugada
- madrugador
References
- “madurgar” in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval, SLI - ILGA 2006–2022.
- “madrug” in Xavier Varela Barreiro & Xavier Gómez Guinovart: Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval. SLI / Grupo TALG / ILG, 2006–2018.
- “madrugar” in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega, SLI - ILGA 2006–2013.
- “madrugar” in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega. Santiago: ILG.
- “madrugar” in Álvarez, Rosario (coord.): Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués, Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega.
Portuguese
Etymology
From Old Portuguese madrugar, madurgar, from Vulgar Latin *mātūricāre, from Latin mātūrō (“to hasten”).
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): /ma.dɾuˈɡa(ʁ)/ [ma.dɾuˈɡa(h)]
- (São Paulo) IPA(key): /ma.dɾuˈɡa(ɾ)/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): /ma.dɾuˈɡa(ʁ)/ [ma.dɾuˈɡa(χ)]
- (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): /ma.dɾuˈɡa(ɻ)/
- (Portugal) IPA(key): /mɐ.dɾuˈɡaɾ/ [mɐ.ðɾuˈɣaɾ]
- Hyphenation: ma‧dru‧gar
Verb
madrugar (first-person singular present madrugo, first-person singular preterite madruguei, past participle madrugado)
- to stay up at late nighttime (madrugada); to stay up all night
- to pull an all-nighter
Conjugation
Conjugation of madrugar (g-gu alternation) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First-person (eu) | Second-person (tu) | Third-person (ele / ela / você) | First-person (nós) | Second-person (vós) | Third-person (eles / elas / vocês) | |
| Infinitive | ||||||
| Impersonal | madrugar | |||||
| Personal | madrugar | madrugares | madrugar | madrugarmos | madrugardes | madrugarem |
| Gerund | ||||||
| madrugando | ||||||
| Past participle | ||||||
| Masculine | madrugado | madrugados | ||||
| Feminine | madrugada | madrugadas | ||||
| Indicative | ||||||
| Present | madrugo | madrugas | madruga | madrugamos | madrugais | madrugam |
| Imperfect | madrugava | madrugavas | madrugava | madrugávamos | madrugáveis | madrugavam |
| Preterite | madruguei | madrugaste | madrugou | madrugamos1, madrugámos2 | madrugastes | madrugaram |
| Pluperfect | madrugara | madrugaras | madrugara | madrugáramos | madrugáreis | madrugaram |
| Future | madrugarei | madrugarás | madrugará | madrugaremos | madrugareis | madrugarão |
| Conditional | ||||||
| madrugaria | madrugarias | madrugaria | madrugaríamos | madrugaríeis | madrugariam | |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Present | madrugue | madrugues | madrugue | madruguemos | madrugueis | madruguem |
| Imperfect | madrugasse | madrugasses | madrugasse | madrugássemos | madrugásseis | madrugassem |
| Future | madrugar | madrugares | madrugar | madrugarmos | madrugardes | madrugarem |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Affirmative | madruga | madrugue | madruguemos | madrugai | madruguem | |
| Negative (não) | não madrugues | não madrugue | não madruguemos | não madrugueis | não madruguem | |
1Brazil.
2Portugal.
Derived terms
- madrugada
- madrugador
Spanish
Etymology
From a presumed *madurgar, from Vulgar Latin *mātūricāre, frequentative based on Latin mātūrāre, whence also Spanish madurar. Cognate with English mature and maturate.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /madɾuˈɡaɾ/ [ma.ð̞ɾuˈɣ̞aɾ]
- Rhymes: -aɾ
- Syllabification: ma‧dru‧gar
Verb
madrugar (first-person singular present madrugo, first-person singular preterite madrugué, past participle madrugado)
- to get up early
Conjugation
Conjugation of madrugar (g-gu alternation) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)
| infinitive | madrugar | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | madrugando | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | madrugado | madrugada | |||||
| plural | madrugados | madrugadas | |||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| indicative | yo | tú vos | él/ella/ello usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | madrugo | madrugastú madrugásvos | madruga | madrugamos | madrugáis | madrugan | |
| imperfect | madrugaba | madrugabas | madrugaba | madrugábamos | madrugabais | madrugaban | |
| preterite | madrugué | madrugaste | madrugó | madrugamos | madrugasteis | madrugaron | |
| future | madrugaré | madrugarás | madrugará | madrugaremos | madrugaréis | madrugarán | |
| conditional | madrugaría | madrugarías | madrugaría | madrugaríamos | madrugaríais | madrugarían | |
| subjunctive | yo | tú vos | él/ella/ello usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | madrugue | madruguestú madruguésvos2 | madrugue | madruguemos | madruguéis | madruguen | |
| imperfect (ra) | madrugara | madrugaras | madrugara | madrugáramos | madrugarais | madrugaran | |
| imperfect (se) | madrugase | madrugases | madrugase | madrugásemos | madrugaseis | madrugasen | |
| future1 | madrugare | madrugares | madrugare | madrugáremos | madrugareis | madrugaren | |
| imperative | — | tú vos | usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ustedes | |
| affirmative | madrugatú madrugávos | madrugue | madruguemos | madrugad | madruguen | ||
| negative | no madrugues | no madrugue | no madruguemos | no madruguéis | no madruguen | ||
1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
2Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
Selected combined forms of madrugar (g-gu alternation)
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.
| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| with infinitive madrugar | |||||||
| dative | madrugarme | madrugarte | madrugarle, madrugarse | madrugarnos | madrugaros | madrugarles, madrugarse | |
| accusative | madrugarme | madrugarte | madrugarlo, madrugarla, madrugarse | madrugarnos | madrugaros | madrugarlos, madrugarlas, madrugarse | |
| with gerund madrugando | |||||||
| dative | madrugándome | madrugándote | madrugándole, madrugándose | madrugándonos | madrugándoos | madrugándoles, madrugándose | |
| accusative | madrugándome | madrugándote | madrugándolo, madrugándola, madrugándose | madrugándonos | madrugándoos | madrugándolos, madrugándolas, madrugándose | |
| with informal second-person singular tú imperative madruga | |||||||
| dative | madrúgame | madrúgate | madrúgale | madrúganos | not used | madrúgales | |
| accusative | madrúgame | madrúgate | madrúgalo, madrúgala | madrúganos | not used | madrúgalos, madrúgalas | |
| with informal second-person singular vos imperative madrugá | |||||||
| dative | madrugame | madrugate | madrugale | madruganos | not used | madrugales | |
| accusative | madrugame | madrugate | madrugalo, madrugala | madruganos | not used | madrugalos, madrugalas | |
| with formal second-person singular imperative madrugue | |||||||
| dative | madrúgueme | not used | madrúguele, madrúguese | madrúguenos | not used | madrúgueles | |
| accusative | madrúgueme | not used | madrúguelo, madrúguela, madrúguese | madrúguenos | not used | madrúguelos, madrúguelas | |
| with first-person plural imperative madruguemos | |||||||
| dative | not used | madruguémoste | madruguémosle | madruguémonos | madruguémoos | madruguémosles | |
| accusative | not used | madruguémoste | madruguémoslo, madruguémosla | madruguémonos | madruguémoos | madruguémoslos, madruguémoslas | |
| with informal second-person plural imperative madrugad | |||||||
| dative | madrugadme | not used | madrugadle | madrugadnos | madrugaos | madrugadles | |
| accusative | madrugadme | not used | madrugadlo, madrugadla | madrugadnos | madrugaos | madrugadlos, madrugadlas | |
| with formal second-person plural imperative madruguen | |||||||
| dative | madrúguenme | not used | madrúguenle | madrúguennos | not used | madrúguenles, madrúguense | |
| accusative | madrúguenme | not used | madrúguenlo, madrúguenla | madrúguennos | not used | madrúguenlos, madrúguenlas, madrúguense | |
Derived terms
- a quien madruga, Dios le ayuda
- madrugada
- madrugador
- madrugón
- no por mucho madrugar, amanece más temprano
Further reading
- “madrugar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014