'm
See also: Appendix:Variations of "m"
English
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /əm/, /m̩/ or, next to a vowel, sometimes /m/
Etymology 1
Contraction of am.
Verb
’m (clitic)
- Am, used especially in I'm.
- 2008, Elizabeth George, Playing for the Ashes, Bantam, →ISBN, page 158:
- “So how'm I not good?”
-
- (dialect) Various forms of be.
- 1874, Frances Mary Peard, Thorpe Regis
- You'm no better than a baby when they've clacketed at ye for an hour or two without a word of sense from beginnin' to end.
- 1962, John Le Carre, A Murder of Quality:
- "He'm a bad one. Ooh, he'm a bad one, Mister," and she laughed softly. "I seed 'im flying, riding on the wind," she laughed again, "and the moon be'ind 'im, lightin' up the way. They'm close as sisters, moon and Devil."
- 2016, Alan Moore, Jerusalem, Liveright 2016, page 180:
- “Ah, it's a wonder we’m got two sticks to us name, with all that plunder what youm 'ad already.”
- 1874, Frances Mary Peard, Thorpe Regis
See also
- ’d
- ’ll
- ’re
- ’s (third person)
- ’ve
Etymology 2
Contraction of madam/ma'am.
Noun
’m
- Represents the word madam or ma'am when used as a formal address of a female; as in yes'm and no'm.
Bavarian
Etymology
Merged unstressed form of am and em or dem.
Article
'm m or n
- a (dative)
- the (dative)
See also
Bavarian articles
m | n | f | pl | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | ||
definite | nominative | der, da | — | das, es, des | 's | de | d' | de | d' |
accusative | en, den | 'n | |||||||
dative | em, dem | 'm | em, dem | 'm | der, da | — | |||
genitive1 | des | des | der, da | der, da | |||||
indefinite | nominative | a | — | a | — | a | — | ||
accusative | an | 'n | |||||||
dative | am | 'm | am | 'm | a, ana | 'na |
1) higher, formal register
Catalan
Pronoun
'm
- Contraction of me.
Usage notes
- 'm is the reduced (reduïda) form of the pronoun. It is used after verbs ending with a vowel.
- Truca'm. ― Call me.
Declension
Catalan personal pronouns and clitics
strong/subject | weak (direct object) | weak (indirect object) | possessive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | proclitic | enclitic | proclitic | enclitic | ||||
1st person | jo, mi3 | em, m’ | -me, ’m | em, m’ | -me, ’m | meu | ||
1st person majestic1 | nós | ens | -nos, ’ns | ens | -nos, ’ns | nostre | ||
2nd person | tu | et, t’ | -te, ’t | et, t’ | -te, ’t | teu | ||
2nd person formal1 | vós | us | -vos, -us | us | -vos, -us | vostre | ||
2nd person very formal2 | vostè | el, l’ | -lo, ’l | li | -li | seu | ||
3rd person masculine | ell | el, l’ | -lo, ’l | li | -li | seu | ||
3rd person feminine | ella | la, l’4 | -la | li | -li | seu | ||
3rd person neuter | ho | -ho | li | -li | seu | |||
3rd person reflexive | si | es, s’ | -se, ’s | es, s’ | -se, ’s | seu | ||
plural | ||||||||
1st person | nosaltres | ens | -nos, ’ns | ens | -nos, ’ns | nostre | ||
2nd person | vosaltres | us | -vos, -us | us | -vos, -us | vostre | ||
2nd person formal2 | vostès | els | -los, ’ls | els | -los, ’ls | seu | ||
3rd person masculine | ells | els | -los, ’ls | els | -los, ’ls | seu | ||
3rd person feminine | elles | les | -les | els | -los, ’ls | seu | ||
3rd person reflexive | si | es, s’ | -se, ’s | es, s’ | -se, ’s | seu | ||
adverbial | ||||||||
ablative/genitive | en, n’ | -ne, ’n | ||||||
locative | hi | -hi | ||||||
1) Behaves grammatically as plural. 2) Behaves grammatically as third person. | 3) Only as object of a preposition. 4) Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-. |
Cornish
Determiner
'm
- my
Pronoun
'm
- me
Dutch
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /əm/
Audio (file)
Pronoun
'm
- Contracted form of hem
- Hij heeft 'm neergeschoten.
- He shot him.
Declension
Dutch personal pronouns
subject | object | possessive | reflexive | genitive5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | pred. | ||
1st person | ik | 'k1 | mij | me | mijn | m'n1 | mijne | me | mijner, mijns |
2nd person | jij | je | jou | je | jouw | je | jouwe | je | jouwer, jouws |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
3rd person masculine | hij | ie1 | hem | 'm1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
3rd person feminine | zij | ze | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | hare | zich | harer, haars |
3rd person neuter | het | 't1 | het | 't1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
plural | |||||||||
1st person | wij | we | ons | – | ons, onze2 | – | onze | ons | onzer, onzes |
2nd person | jullie | je | jullie | je | jullie | je | – | je | – |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6 | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
3rd person | zij | ze | hen3, hun4 | ze | hun | – | hunne | zich | hunner, huns |
1) Not as common in written language. 2) Inflected as an adjective. 3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). 4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). | 5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. 6) To differentiate from the singular gij, and in a similar vein to "you lot" or "you guys" in English, it is common to use gijlui ("you people") or gijlieden ("you people") or one of their contracted variants, and their corresponding objects, possessives and reflexives, in the plural. |
Welsh
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /m/
Determiner
'm
- (literary) my (triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)
- Rwy'n myned yn ôl adref i’m hannwyl famwlad.
- I am going back home to my dear homeland.
Pronoun
'm
- (literary) me (used after vowels as the direct object of a verb; triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)
- Dywed na’m hadwaenai.
- He/She says that he/she would not recognise me.
- Fe’m ganed i deulu di-Gymraeg.
- I was born (lit. "One gave birth to me") into a non-Welsh-speaking family.
Particle
'm
- (colloquial) not
- Dwyt ti’m yn cofio Macsen.
- You don’t remember Macsen.
Usage notes
- The determiner can be considered a "contraction" of fy used after mostly functional vowel-final words.
- The pronoun occurs after certain vowel-final preverbal particles, such as fe, a, ni, na, oni and pe.
- The particle is a contraction of dim.
Further reading
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “'m”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies