ku-
Indonesian
Alternative forms
- -ku
Etymology
From Malay ku-, from ku, shortened form of aku, from Proto-Malayic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ku/
Prefix
ku-
- I (personal pronoun)
See also
- aku
Further reading
- “ku-” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
Kambera
Pronoun
ku-
- first person singular nominative proclitic
See also
| Nominative | Genitive | Accusative | Dative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | ku- | -nggu | -ka | -ngga |
| 2sg | mu- (u-) | -mu | -kau | -nggau |
| 3sg | na- | -na | -ya | -nya |
| 1pl.incl | ta- | -nda | -ta | -nda |
| 1pl.excl | ma- | -ma | -kama | -nggama |
| 2pl | mi- (i-) | -mi | -kami (-kai) | -nggami (-nggai) |
| 3pl | da- | -da | -ha | -nja |
Makasar
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ku]
Pronoun
ku- (nominative proclitic, Lontara spelling ᨀᨘ)
- I
- we (first person plural exclusive)
See also
| Independent | Absolutive | Nominative | Possessive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg / 1st pl excl | nakke | -a' | ku- | -ku |
| 1st pl excl (archaic) | kambe | -kang | ki- | -mang |
| 1st pl incl / 2nd sg polite | katte | -ki' | ki- | -ta |
| 2nd sg / pl familiar | kau | -ko | nu- | -nu |
| 3rd sg / pl | ia | -i | na- | -na |
Malay
Alternative forms
- aku, daku
Etymology
From ku, shortened form of aku, from Proto-Malayic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ku/
Prefix
ku- (Jawi spelling کو-) (informal)
- I (personal pronoun)
- Kutahu.
- I know.
- Kutahu.
See also
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | standard | saya / ساي aku/ku- / اکو / كو- (informal/towards God) -ku / -كو (informal possessive) hamba / همبا (dated) | kami / کامي (exclusive) kita orang / كيت اورڠ (informal exclusive) kita / کيت (inclusive) |
| royal | beta / بيتا | ||
| 2nd person | standard | kamu / کامو anda / اندا (formal) | |
| engkau/kau- / اڠکاو/ كاو- (informal/towards God) awak / اوق (friendly/older towards younger) -mu / -مو (possessive) | kalian / کاليان kamu semua / كامو سموا kau orang / كاو اورڠ (informal) | ||
| royal | tuanku / توانكو | ||
| 3rd person | standard | dia / دي ia / اي beliau / بلياو (honorific) -nya / -ڽ (possessive) | mereka / مريک dia orang / دي اورڠ (informal) |
| royal | baginda / بݢيندا | ||
Maquiritari
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ku-]
Prefix
ku-
- Allomorph of k- (first-person-dual-inclusive prefix) used for stems that begin with a consonant and have a first vowel u.
Inflection
| pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | series I verb argument | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| transitive patient | intransitive patient-like | intransitive agent-like | transitive agent | |||||||
| first person | ewü | y-, ∅-, ü-, u- | w-, wi- | |||||||
| first person dual inclusive | küwü | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kii-, ki- | |||||||
| second person | amödö | ö-, öy-, o-, oy-, a-, ay- | m-, mi- | |||||||
| first person dual exclusive | nña | y-, ch-, ∅-, i- | chö- | ∅- | n-, ni- | |||||
| third person | tüwü | n-, ni- | ||||||||
| distant past third person | — | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | ||||||||
| coreferential/reflexive | — | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | — | |||||||
| reciprocal | — | — | öö- | |||||||
| series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient | |
|---|---|
| first person > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| first person dual exclusive > second person | |
| second person > first person | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| second person > first person dual exclusive | |
| third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person | see person X in the chart above |
Northern Ndebele
Etymology 1
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix
ku-
- you; second-person singular object concord.
Etymology 2
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
ku-
- it; class 15 subject concord.
- it; class 15 object concord.
Etymology 3
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
ku-
- it; class 17 subject concord.
- it; class 17 object concord.
Phuthi
Etymology 1
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix
ku-
- you; second-person singular object concord.
Etymology 2
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-kʊ̀-.
Prefix
ku-
- Class 15 noun prefix; forms the infinitive of verbs.
Etymology 3
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
ku-
- it; class 15 subject concord.
- it; class 15 object concord.
Etymology 4
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
ku-
- it; class 17 subject concord.
- it; class 17 object concord.
Southern Ndebele
Etymology 1
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix
ku-
- you; second-person singular object concord.
Etymology 2
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
ku-
- it; class 15 subject concord.
- it; class 15 object concord.
Swahili
Alternative forms
- (before a vowel) kw-
Etymology
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Pronunciation
Audio (Kenya) (file)
Prefix
ku-
- The prefix for noun class 15 denoting verbal infinitives.
- ku- + -fanya = kufanya (to do)
- ku- + -soma = kusoma (to read)
- The prefix for noun class 17 denoting a locative that implies movement or indeterminate position.
See also
- Appendix:Swahili noun classes
Swazi
Etymology 1
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix
ku-
- you; second-person singular object concord.
Etymology 2
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-kʊ̀-.
Prefix
ku-
- Class 15 noun prefix; forms the infinitive of verbs.
Etymology 3
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
ku-
- it; class 15 subject concord.
- it; class 15 object concord.
Etymology 4
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
ku-
- it; class 17 subject concord.
- it; class 17 object concord.
Taos
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ku/
Prefix
ku-
- (transitive) Second-person singular subject + third person duoplural object.
Tocharian A
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew-. Cognates include Ancient Greek χέω (khéō), Sanskrit जुहोति (juhoti), Old Armenian ձեւ (jew), Latin fundō, fūtis and Old English ġēotan, guttas (English gut).
Verb
ku-
- to pour
- to offer a libation
Tocharian B
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew-. Cognates include Ancient Greek χέω (khéō), Sanskrit जुहोति (juhoti), Old Armenian ձեւ (jew), Latin fundō, fūtis and Old English ġēotan, guttas (English gut).
Verb
ku-
- to pour
- to offer a libation
Xhosa
Etymology 1
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix
ku-
- you; second-person singular object concord.
Etymology 2
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
ku-
- it; class 15 subject concord.
- it; class 15 object concord.
Etymology 3
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
ku-
- it; class 17 subject concord.
- it; class 17 object concord.
Zulu
Etymology 1
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix
kú-
- you; second-person singular object concord.
Etymology 2
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix
ku-
- Class 15 simple noun prefix.
Etymology 3
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
kú-
- it; class 15 subject concord.
- it; class 15 object concord.
Etymology 4
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix
ku-
- Class 17 simple noun prefix.
Etymology 5
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
kú-
- it; class 17 subject concord.
- it; class 17 object concord.
References
- C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “ku-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “ku-”