krjúpa
Icelandic
Etymology
From Old Norse krjúpa, from Proto-Germanic *kreupaną, from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“turn, wind”). Cognate with Norwegian krype, Swedish krypa, Danish krybe, English creep, Dutch kruipen.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkʰrjuːpa/
- Rhymes: -uːpa
Verb
krjúpa (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative kraup, third-person plural past indicative krupu, supine kropið)
- (intransitive) to kneel down, to genuflect, to get down on one's knees
Conjugation
krjúpa — active voice (germynd)
| infinitive (nafnháttur) | að krjúpa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| supine (sagnbót) | kropið | ||||
| present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar) | krjúpandi | ||||
| indicative (framsöguháttur) | subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur) | ||||
| present (nútíð) | ég krýp | við krjúpum | present (nútíð) | ég krjúpi | við krjúpum |
| þú krýpur | þið krjúpið | þú krjúpir | þið krjúpið | ||
| hann, hún, það krýpur | þeir, þær, þau krjúpa | hann, hún, það krjúpi | þeir, þær, þau krjúpi | ||
| past (þátíð) | ég kraup | við krupum | past (þátíð) | ég krypi | við krypum |
| þú kraupst | þið krupuð | þú krypir | þið krypuð | ||
| hann, hún, það kraup | þeir, þær, þau krupu | hann, hún, það krypi | þeir, þær, þau krypu | ||
| imperative (boðháttur) | krjúp (þú) | krjúpið (þið) | |||
| Forms with appended personal pronoun | |||||
| krjúptu | krjúpiði * | ||||
| * Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred. | |||||
kropinn — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)
| strong declension (sterk beyging) | singular (eintala) | plural (fleirtala) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine (karlkyn) | feminine (kvenkyn) | neuter (hvorugkyn) | masculine (karlkyn) | feminine (kvenkyn) | neuter (hvorugkyn) | ||
| nominative (nefnifall) | kropinn | kropin | kropið | kropnir | kropnar | kropin | |
| accusative (þolfall) | kropinn | kropna | kropið | kropna | kropnar | kropin | |
| dative (þágufall) | kropnum | kropinni | kropnu | kropnum | kropnum | kropnum | |
| genitive (eignarfall) | kropins | kropinnar | kropins | kropinna | kropinna | kropinna | |
| weak declension (veik beyging) | singular (eintala) | plural (fleirtala) | |||||
| masculine (karlkyn) | feminine (kvenkyn) | neuter (hvorugkyn) | masculine (karlkyn) | feminine (kvenkyn) | neuter (hvorugkyn) | ||
| nominative (nefnifall) | kropni | kropna | kropna | kropnu | kropnu | kropnu | |
| accusative (þolfall) | kropna | kropnu | kropna | kropnu | kropnu | kropnu | |
| dative (þágufall) | kropna | kropnu | kropna | kropnu | kropnu | kropnu | |
| genitive (eignarfall) | kropna | kropnu | kropna | kropnu | kropnu | kropnu | |
Derived terms
- hnékrjúpa, knékrjúpa
- krjúpandi
References
- Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon — Íslensk orðsifjabók, (1989). Reykjavík, Orðabók Háskólans. (Available on Málið.is under the “Eldra mál” tab.)
Old Norse
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *kreupaną, from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“turn, wind”).
Verb
krjúpa (singular past indicative kraup, plural past indicative krupu, past participle kropinn)
- to creep, crouch
- 1066, Haraldr harðráði Sigurðarson, Lausavísur 14, in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 55-6., retrieved at the Skaldic Database
- Krjúpum vér fyr vápna
(valteigs) brǫkun eigi
(svá bauð Hildr) at hjaldri
(haldorð) í bug skjaldar.- We [I] do not creep into the hollow of the shield in battle because of the crash of weapons; thus the faithful Hildr <valkyrie> of the falcon-field [ARM > WOMAN] commanded.
- 1066, Haraldr harðráði Sigurðarson, Lausavísur 14, in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 55-6., retrieved at the Skaldic Database
- to fall prostrate, kneel
Conjugation
Conjugation of krjúpa — active (strong class 2)
| infinitive | krjúpa | |
|---|---|---|
| present participle | krjúpandi | |
| past participle | kropinn | |
| indicative | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | krýp | kraup |
| 2nd-person singular | krýpr | kraupt |
| 3rd-person singular | krýpr | kraup |
| 1st-person plural | krjúpum | krupum |
| 2nd-person plural | krjúpið | krupuð |
| 3rd-person plural | krjúpa | krupu |
| subjunctive | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | krjúpa | krypa |
| 2nd-person singular | krjúpir | krypir |
| 3rd-person singular | krjúpi | krypi |
| 1st-person plural | krjúpim | krypim |
| 2nd-person plural | krjúpið | krypið |
| 3rd-person plural | krjúpi | krypi |
| imperative | present | |
| 2nd-person singular | krjúp | |
| 1st-person plural | krjúpum | |
| 2nd-person plural | krjúpið | |
Conjugation of krjúpa — mediopassive (strong class 2)
| infinitive | krjúpask | |
|---|---|---|
| present participle | krjúpandisk | |
| past participle | kropizk | |
| indicative | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | krjúpumk | krupumk |
| 2nd-person singular | krýpsk | kraupzk |
| 3rd-person singular | krýpsk | kraupsk |
| 1st-person plural | krjúpumsk | krupumsk |
| 2nd-person plural | krjúpizk | krupuzk |
| 3rd-person plural | krjúpask | krupusk |
| subjunctive | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | krjúpumk | krypumk |
| 2nd-person singular | krjúpisk | krypisk |
| 3rd-person singular | krjúpisk | krypisk |
| 1st-person plural | krjúpimsk | krypimsk |
| 2nd-person plural | krjúpizk | krypizk |
| 3rd-person plural | krjúpisk | krypisk |
| imperative | present | |
| 2nd-person singular | krjúpsk | |
| 1st-person plural | krjúpumsk | |
| 2nd-person plural | krjúpizk | |
Descendants
- Icelandic: krjúpa
- Faroese: krúpa
- Norwegian:
- Norwegian Bokmål: krype
- Norwegian Nynorsk: krype, krypa
- Old Swedish: krȳpa
- Swedish: krypa
- Old Danish: krȳpæ
- Danish: krybe
- Westrobothnian: krúp’, krýp’
- Elfdalian: kriuopa
- Gutnish: kräupe
- Scanian: krýba
References
- “krjúpa”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press