keras
Estonian
Noun
keras
- inessive singular of kera
Indonesian
Etymology
From Malay keras, from Classical Malay keras, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kəʀas.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /kəˈras/
- Hyphenation: ke‧ras
Adjective
kêras
- hard,
- (of material) Resistant to pressure.
- Roti itu terlalu keras untuk dipotong.
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- Synonym: kuat
- (figuratively) Demanding a lot of effort to endure.
- Ia baru menyadari kerasnya kehidupan ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- Synonyms: pelik, sulit, susah
- Antonyms: gampang, mudah
- (figuratively) Severe, harsh.
- kata-kata keras ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- Antonym: lembut
- (of drugs, figuratively) Having a high concentration of an essential or active ingredient; strong.
- Obat keras. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- (of a man, figuratively) Having an erect penis; erect.
- Synonyms: bangun, ereksi, tegang
- Antonyms: lembek, loyo, tidur
- (of material) Resistant to pressure.
- strong
- (of wind, figuratively) Having a lot of power.
- Synonyms: cepat, kencang
- Antonym: pelan
- (of disease or symptom, figuratively) Very bad or intense; severe.
- Ia sakit keras ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- Synonyms: parah, payah
- Antonym: ringan
- (figuratively) Having an offensive or intense odor.
- (of wind, figuratively) Having a lot of power.
- (material state) rigid; firm; stiff.
- Ototnya sangat keras dan alot. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- Antonym: lembut
- (of foods, figuratively) Difficult to cut or chew; tough.
- Synonyms: kenyal, liat
- (figuratively) Likely to use physical force; violent.
- Ia menarik secara keras kedua tangan anaknya yang menangis meronta-ronta ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- Synonym: kuat
- Antonym: pelan
- (of a sound, figuratively) Of great intensity; loud.
- Suaranya sangat keras sehingga menggangu orang lain. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- Synonyms: kuat, nyaring
- Antonyms: lembut, pelan
- (of water current, figuratively) Moving with great speed; fast.
- Synonym: deras
- (of rainfall, figuratively) very heavy
- (of opinion, figuratively) fixed
- (of price, figuratively) With speed; in a rapid manner; rapidly.
- (of cigarettes, figuratively) Likely cause dizziness
- Synonym: berat
- Antonym: ringan
- strong, strict and seriously
Hyponyms
- keras hati
- keras kepala
- keras kerak
- keras lidah
- keras mangkas
- keras mulut
- keras tulang
Derived terms
- berkeras
- berkeras-keras
- berkeras-kerasan
- bersikeras
- kekerasan
- keras-mengerasi
- memperkeras
- mengeras
- mengerasi
- mengeraskan
- pengeras
- pengerasan
- perkerasan
- terkeras
Further reading
- “keras” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
Lithuanian
Etymology 1
From Proto-Indo-European *k(ʷ)er(H)-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *kory (“root”) and Latvian cȩrs (“bush, knotty root of a tree”).
Noun
kẽras m (plural keraĩ) stress pattern 4
- bush, shrub
Declension
declension of keras
| singular (vienaskaita) | plural (daugiskaita) | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative (vardininkas) | kẽras | keraĩ |
| genitive (kilmininkas) | kẽro | kerų̃ |
| dative (naudininkas) | kẽrui | keráms |
| accusative (galininkas) | kẽrą | kerùs |
| instrumental (įnagininkas) | kerù | keraĩs |
| locative (vietininkas) | kerè | keruosè |
| vocative (šauksmininkas) | kẽre | keraĩ |
Etymology 2
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ker-, *kēr-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *čarъ (“magic, sorcery”).
Noun
kẽras m (plural keraĩ) stress pattern 4
- divination, sorcery, enchantment
Declension
declension of keras
| singular (vienaskaita) | plural (daugiskaita) | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative (vardininkas) | kẽras | keraĩ |
| genitive (kilmininkas) | kẽro | kerų̃ |
| dative (naudininkas) | kẽrui | keráms |
| accusative (galininkas) | kẽrą | kerùs |
| instrumental (įnagininkas) | kerù | keraĩs |
| locative (vietininkas) | kerè | keruosè |
| vocative (šauksmininkas) | kẽre | keraĩ |
References
- “keras”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
- Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, 237?view=theater page 78f; 237
Malay
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kəʀas.
Adjective
kĕras (Jawi spelling کرس)
- hard, stiff
- rigid, inflexible
- obstinate
Derived terms
- kekerasan
- keraskan
- kerasi, mengerasi
Further reading
- “keras” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.