kerajaan
Brunei Malay
Etymology
From ke- + raja + -an. Either cognate with or derived from Malay kerajaan.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /kə.ra.d͡ʒa.ʔan/
- (contraction) IPA(key): /kra.d͡ʒa.ʔan/
Noun
kerajaan
- government of a country or state
Indonesian
Alternative forms
- keradjaan (pre-1967)
Etymology
Affixed ke- + raja + -an, from Malay kerajaan, from Classical Malay kerajaan (“royal, become king”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [kəraˈd͡ʒaan]
- Hyphenation: kê‧ra‧ja‧an
Noun
kêrajaan (plural kerajaan-kerajaan, first-person possessive kerajaanku, second-person possessive kerajaanmu, third-person possessive kerajaannya)
- kingdom
- A realm having a king and/or queen as its actual or nominal sovereign.
- (taxonomy) A rank in the classification of organisms, below domain and above phylum; a taxon at that rank
- (obsolete) kingship
Synonyms
- (nation having monarch as supreme ruler) monarki
- kedatuan, kedaton
Coordinate terms
- kesultanan (“sultanate”)
- kekhalifahan (“caliphate”)
- kekaisaran (“empire”)
Derived terms
- kerajaan absolut
- kerajaan konstitusional
- kerajaan mutlak
- kerajaan parlementer
Adjective
kêrajaan
- royal: of or relating to a monarch or their family.
- Synonym: diraja (Standard Malay)
Verb
kêrajaan
- (obsolete) to become a king
- Jika ia kerajaan, tiada akan sempurna negeri ini. ― If he becomes a king, this nation will never be perfect.
Usage notes
The word is part of false friends between Standard Malay and Indonesian due to shared etymology. The Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore usage can be seen in Malay kerajaan.
Further reading
- “kerajaan” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
Malay
Etymology
ke- + raja + -an
Noun
kerajaan (Jawi spelling کراجاءن, plural kerajaan-kerajaan, informal 1st possessive kerajaanku, 2nd possessive kerajaanmu, 3rd possessive kerajaannya)
- (Brunei, Malaysia) government (an organisation which has the power to enact and legislate laws within its area of jurisdiction)
- Synonym: pemerintah
- kingdom
Usage notes
The word is part of false friends between Standard Malay and Indonesian due to shared etymology. The Indonesian usage can be seen in Indonesian kerajaan.
- The government sense prevail in Malaysia and Brunei due to monarchic government.
- In Singapore, foreign governments can be referred as either kerajaan or pemerintah depending on their system. The Singaporean government being a republic is always referred to as pemerintah, which has no monarchic connotations.
- In Indonesia, kerajaan has sense of kingdom only. Government always translated as pemerintah, which has no monarchic connotations.
Descendants
- Indonesian: kerajaan
Further reading
- “kerajaan” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.