kartma
Estonian
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Finnic *karttadak.
Verb
kartma (da-infinitive karta)
- to be afraid (of), to fear (consider or expect with apprehension or alarm)
- to be afraid, to fear (that) (regret that something is or may be the case)
- Makardan, et ma ei saa teid aidata. ― I'm afraid I can't help you.
Conjugation
Inflection of kartma (ÕS type 34/saatma, t-d gradation)
| indicative | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | perfect | ||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||
| 1st sing. | kardan | ei karda | 1st sing. | olen kartnud | ei ole kartnud pole kartnud | ||||
| 2nd sing. | kardad | 2nd sing. | oled kartnud | ||||||
| 3rd sing. | kardab | 3rd sing. | on kartnud | ||||||
| 1st plur. | kardame | 1st plur. | oleme kartnud | ||||||
| 2nd plur. | kardate | 2nd plur. | olete kartnud | ||||||
| 3rd plur. | kardavad | 3rd plur. | on kartnud | ||||||
| passive | kardetakse | ei kardeta | passive | on kardetud | ei ole kardetud pole kardetud | ||||
| past | pluperfect | ||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||
| 1st sing. | kartsin | ei kartnud | 1st sing. | olin kartnud | ei olnud kartnud polnud kartnud | ||||
| 2nd sing. | kartsid | 2nd sing. | olid kartnud | ||||||
| 3rd sing. | kartis | 3rd sing. | oli kartnud | ||||||
| 1st plur. | kartsime | 1st plur. | olime kartnud | ||||||
| 2nd plur. | kartsite | 2nd plur. | olite kartnud | ||||||
| 3rd plur. | kartsid | 3rd plur. | oli kartnud | ||||||
| passive | kardeti | ei kardetud | passive | oli kardetud | ei olnud kardetud polnud kardetud | ||||
| conditional | |||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||
| 1st sing. | kardaksin | ei kardaks | 1st sing. | kartnuksin oleksin kartnud | ei oleks kartnud poleks kartnud | ||||
| 2nd sing. | kardaksid | 2nd sing. | kartnuksid oleksid kartnud | ||||||
| 3rd sing. | kardaks | 3rd sing. | kartnuks oleks kartnud | ||||||
| 1st plur. | kardaksime | 1st plur. | kartnuksime oleksime kartnud | ||||||
| 2nd plur. | kardaksite | 2nd plur. | kartnuksite oleksite kartnud | ||||||
| 3rd plur. | kardaksid | 3rd plur. | kartnuksid oleksid kartnud | ||||||
| passive | kardetaks | ei kardetaks | passive | kardetuks oleks kardetud | ei oleks kardetud poleks kardetud | ||||
| imperative | |||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||
| 1st sing. | — | — | 1st sing. | — | — | ||||
| 2nd sing. | karda | ära karda | 2nd sing. | — | — | ||||
| 3rd sing. | kartku | ärgu kartku | 3rd sing. | olgu kartnud | ärgu olgu kartnud | ||||
| 1st plur. | kartkem | ärme kardame ärme karda ärgem kartkem | 1st plur. | — | — | ||||
| 2nd plur. | kartke | ärge kartke | 2nd plur. | — | — | ||||
| 3rd plur. | kartku | ärgu kartku | 3rd plur. | olgu kartnud | ärgu olgu kartnud | ||||
| passive | kardetagu | ärgu kardetagu | passive | olgu kardetud | ärgu olgu kardetud | ||||
| quotative | |||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||
| voice | positive | negative | voice | positive | negative | ||||
| active | kartvat | ei kartvat | active | olevat kartnud | ei olevat kartnud polevat kartnud | ||||
| passive | kardetavat | ei kardetavat | passive | olevat kardetud | ei olevat kardetud polevat kardetud | ||||
| Nominal forms | |||||||||
| ma-infinitive | active | passive | da-infinitive | present | past | ||||
| nominative | kartma | kardetama | nominative | karta | olla kartnud | ||||
| inessive | kartmas | — | inessive | kartes | olles kartnud | ||||
| elative | kartmast | — | participle | active | passive | ||||
| translative | kartmaks | — | present | kartev | kardetav | ||||
| abessive | kartmata | — | past | kartnud | kardetud | ||||
Further reading
- kartma in Eesti keele põhisõnavara sõnastik
- kartma in Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat
- kartma in Raadik, M., editor (2018), Eesti õigekeelsussõnaraamat ÕS 2018, Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus, →ISBN
- kartma in Sõnaveeb