kala

See also: Appendix:Variations of "kala"

Albanian

Kalaja në Krujë - Krujë Castle

Etymology

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish قلعه‎ (kale), from Persian ‎ (qal'e), from Arabic قَلْعَة‎ (qalʿa).

Pronunciation

(Tosk) IPA^(key): /kala/

Noun

kala f (indefinite plural kala, definite singular kalaja, definite plural kalajat)

castle, fortress

Atong (India)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kala/

Noun

kala (Bengali script কালা)

deaf person

References

van Breugel, Seino. 2015. Atong-English dictionary, second edition. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary.

Balinese

Romanization

kala

Romanization of ᬓᬮ
Romanization of ᬓᬵᬮ
Romanization of ᬓᬮᬵ

Chamicuro

Noun

kala

nothing

Adverb

kala

no, not

Cornish

Noun

kala

straw (collective)

Estonian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala.

Noun

kala (genitive kala, partitive kala)

fish

Declension

Inflection of kala (ÕS type 17u/sõna, no gradation)

	singular	plural
nominative	kala	kalad
accusative	kala	kalad
genitive	kala	kalade
partitive	kala	kalu kalasid
illative	kalla kalasse	kaladesse kalusse
inessive	kalas	kalades kalus
elative	kalast	kaladest kalust
allative	kalale	kaladele kalule
adessive	kalal	kaladel kalul
ablative	kalalt	kaladelt kalult
translative	kalaks	kaladeks kaluks
terminative	kalani	kaladeni
essive	kalana	kaladena
abessive	kalata	kaladeta
comitative	kalaga	kaladega

Derived terms

kalastama
kalamari
kalur

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala. Cognates include Northern Sami guolli, Ter Sami kɨllˈe, and Hungarian hal.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/, [ˈkɑlɑ]
Rhymes: -ɑlɑ
Syllabification^(key): ka‧la

Noun

kala

fish
Hauki on kala.
A pike is a fish.
Syön usein kalaa.
I often eat fish.
Tässä järvessä on paljon kalaa.
There's lots of fish in this lake.
(idiomatic, in locational cases and expressions) fishing (as a personal activity, used with the verbs olla (“to be”) and mennä (“to go”), lähteä (“to leave”), and käydä (“to go and come back”))
olla kalassa ― to be fishing
käydä kalassa ― to go fishing (and come back)
mennä kalaan ― to go fishing
lähteä kalaan ― to (leave and) go fishing
lähteä kalalle ― to (leave and) go fishing
Käytkö usein kalassa?
Do you often go fishing?
(in compounds) seafood
Mennään kalaravintolaan.
Let's go to a seafood restaurant.

Declension

Inflection of kala (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		kala	kalat
genitive		kalan	kalojen
partitive		kalaa	kaloja
illative		kalaan	kaloihin
		singular	plural
nominative		kala	kalat
accusative	nom.	kala	kalat
accusative	gen.	kalan	kalat
genitive		kalan	kalojen kalain^rare
partitive		kalaa	kaloja
inessive		kalassa	kaloissa
elative		kalasta	kaloista
illative		kalaan	kaloihin
adessive		kalalla	kaloilla
ablative		kalalta	kaloilta
allative		kalalle	kaloille
essive		kalana	kaloina
translative		kalaksi	kaloiksi
instructive		—	kaloin
abessive		kalatta	kaloitta
comitative		—	kaloineen

Possessive forms of kala (type kala)
possessor	singular	plural
1st person	kalani	kalamme
2nd person	kalasi	kalanne
3rd person	kalansa

Derived terms

kalaisa
kalastaa
- kalastaja
- kalastella
- kalastus
Kalat

Compounds

compounds

ahvenkala
airokala
akvaariokala
alkukala
ankeriaskala
arvokala
Etelän kala
haikala
hiilikala
hiilloskala
huulikala
imukala
jokikala
joulukala
järvikala
kala-allas
kala-allergia
kala-allergikko
kala-apaja
kalaboomi
kalafilee
kalahaarukka
kalahaavi
kalahalli
kalahampurilainen
kalaharava
kalahauta
kalahissi
kalahuuhkaja
kalahyppy
kalahyytelö
kalailma
kalajalostamo
kalajaloste
kalajauho
kalajuttu
kalakanta
kalakastike
kalakauppa
kalakauppias
kalakaveri
kalakeitto
kalakirves
kalakoukku
kalakouru
kalakukko
kalakuolema
kalalaatikko
kalalaji
kalalammikko
kalalanka
kalalauta
kalaliemi
kalaliima
kalalisko
kalalokki
kalamaja
kalamauste
kalamies
kalamuhennos
kalamureke
kalanhaudonta
kalanistutus
kalanjalostus
kalankasvattamo
kalankasvatus
kalanliha
kalanluu
kalanmaksaöljy
kalanmäti
kalanperkaus
kalanperkeet
kalanpoikanen
kalanpyrstö
kalanpyydys
kalanpyynti
kalanpää
kalanrakko
kalanrasva
kalanrehu
kalanruoka
kalanruoto
kalanruotokangas
kalanruotokuvio
kalansaalis
kalansavustamo
kalansilmä
kalansuomu
kalansuomutauti
kalanviljelijä
kalanviljely
kalaonni
kalapaikka
kalapakaste
kalaparvi
kalaperunat
kalapihvi
kalapiirakka
kalaporras
kalapuikko
kalapulla
kalapyörykkä
kalapöllö
kalarauta
kalaravintola
kalarehu
kalaretki
kalarikas
kalaruoka
kalasaalis
kalasakset
kalasalaatti
kalasatama
kalasoppa
kalasumppu
kalasyötti
kalasäilyke
kalasääksi
kalasääski
kalatalous
kalatie
kalatiira
kalatiski
kalatori
kalatuote
kalatäi
kalavale
kalavalmiste
kalaveitsi
kalavelka
kalaverkko
kalavesi
kapakala
kardinaalikala
karppikala
katkerokala
keuhkokala
kissakala
kivikala
kolkkakala
kotkakala
kraavikala
kultakala
kutukala
kännikala
lehtikala
lentokala
liekkikala
liitokala
lipeäkala
livekala
lohikala
luukala
maustekala
miekkakala
miljoonakala
mustahuotrakala
mustekala
mätikala
nahkiaiskala
norsukala
nousukala
nuotiokala
pakastekala
pallokala
parvikala
petokala
pietarinkala
pikkukala
pohjakala
purjekala
pusukala
pyyntikala
rantakala
rasvakala
rehukala
rihmakala
roskakala
ruokakala
rustokala
saaliskala
sampikala
sateenkaarikala
savukala
seeprakala
sillikala
sillikalat
soppakala
suolakala
suomukala
syvänmerenkala
syöttikala
säilykekala
säppikala
särkikala
talouskala
talvikala
teuraskala
tonnikala
turskakala
tuulenkala
täkykala
uunikala
vaelluskala
valaskala
varsieväkala
vaskikala
velhokala
viljelykala
vilukala
voikala

Fula

Etymology

From Arabic كُلَّ‎ (kulla).

Pronoun

kala

each, every, all

References

Oumar Bah, Dictionnaire Pular-Français, Avec un index français-pular, Webonary.org, SIL International, 2014.

Iban

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [kalaʔ]
Hyphenation: ka‧la
Rhymes: -laʔ

Adverb

kala

Semelfactive or non-iterative aspect i. e. the action or situation has happened once or more but did not repeat itself

Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse kala.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkʰaːla/
- Rhymes: -aːla

Verb

kala (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative kól, third-person plural past indicative kólu, supine kalið)

(impersonal) to become frostbitten
Mig kól á tám.
My toes became frostbitten.

Conjugation

kala — active voice (germynd)

	Forms with appended personal pronoun
infinitive (nafnháttur)		að kala
supine (sagnbót)		kalið
present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar)		kalandi
	indicative (framsöguháttur)			subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur)
present (nútíð)	ég kel	við kölum	present (nútíð)	ég kali	við kölum
	þú kelur	þið kalið		þú kalir	þið kalið
	hann, hún, það kelur	þeir, þær, þau kala		hann, hún, það kali	þeir, þær, þau kali

past (þátíð)	ég kól	við kólum	past (þátíð)	ég kæli	við kælum
	þú kólst	þið kóluð		þú kælir	þið kæluð
	hann, hún, það kól	þeir, þær, þau kólu		hann, hún, það kæli	þeir, þær, þau kælu

imperative (boðháttur)	kal (þú)	kalið (þið)
	kaldu	kaliði *
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

kalinn — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)

strong declension (sterk beyging)	singular (eintala)			plural (fleirtala)
strong declension (sterk beyging)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	kalinn	kalin	kalið	kalnir	kalnar	kalin
accusative (þolfall)	kalinn	kalna	kalið	kalna	kalnar	kalin
dative (þágufall)	kölnum	kalinni	kölnu	kölnum	kölnum	kölnum
genitive (eignarfall)	kalins	kalinnar	kalins	kalinna	kalinna	kalinna

weak declension (veik beyging)	singular (eintala)			plural (fleirtala)
weak declension (veik beyging)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	kalni	kalna	kalna	kölnu	kölnu	kölnu
accusative (þolfall)	kalna	kölnu	kalna	kölnu	kölnu	kölnu
dative (þágufall)	kalna	kölnu	kalna	kölnu	kölnu	kölnu
genitive (eignarfall)	kalna	kölnu	kalna	kölnu	kölnu	kölnu

Related terms

kal

Indonesian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkala/
Hyphenation: ka‧la
Rhymes: -la, -a

Etymology 1

From Malay kala, from Classical Malay kala, from Sanskrit काल (kāla, “time”). Doublet of kali.

Noun

kala (first-person possessive kalaku, second-person possessive kalamu, third-person possessive kalanya)

time
Synonyms: masa, waktu
During the time that; when.
Synonym: ketika
(geology) epoch.
tense;
1. (grammar) Any of the forms of a verb which distinguish when an action or state of being occurs or exists.
2. (linguistics, grammar, countable) An inflected form of a verb that indicates tense.

Derived terms

kala akan datang (“future tense”)
kala kini (“present tense”)
kala lampau (“past tense”)

Etymology 2

From Malay kala, from Javanese kala (ꦏꦭ, “stinging animal, scorpion”), from Sanskrit कालक (kālaka, “scorpion”).

Noun

kala (first-person possessive kalaku, second-person possessive kalamu, third-person possessive kalanya)

(Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?) any member of scorpiones order
(obsolete) scorpion
Synonym: kalajengking

Etymology 3

From Malay kala, from Classical Malay kala.

Noun

kala (first-person possessive kalaku, second-person possessive kalamu, third-person possessive kalanya)

(obsolete) silk
Synonym: sutra

Etymology 4

From Malay kala, from Classical Malay kala, from Javanese ꦏꦭ (kala, “bird noose, snare”), from Old Javanese kalā.

Noun

kala (first-person possessive kalaku, second-person possessive kalamu, third-person possessive kalanya)

(obsolete) snare
Synonym: jerat

Etymology 5

From Malay kala, from Arabic [Term?]. Doublet of qada.

Noun

kala (first-person possessive kalaku, second-person possessive kalamu, third-person possessive kalanya)

(obsolete) Synonym of qada

Derived terms

kala hajat

Ingrian

Kala.

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala. Cognates include Finnish kala and Estonian kala.

Pronunciation

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/, [ˈkɑɫɑ]

(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/, [ˈkɑɫɑ]

Rhymes: -ɑlɑ

Hyphenation: ka‧la

Noun

kala

fish
- 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 11:
  Kapa, kala, kala, kana.
  Dried fish, fish, fish, hen.
- 1936, V. I. Junus; P. L. Maksimov, Inkeroisin keelen oppikirja alkuşkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 37:
  Hää ono voimakas kala ja kasvaa suureks.
  It's a strong fish and grows big.
- 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (toin osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:
  — Kala, kala — ohto tiukkaa! Ota matokkaine suuhu.
  — Fish, fish — quit playing! Put a mollusk in your mouth.

Declension

Declension of kala (type 3/kana, no gradation, gemination)
	singular	plural
nominative	kala	kalat
genitive	kalan	kalloin
partitive	kallaa	kaloja
illative	kallaa	kalloi
inessive	kalas	kalois
elative	kalast	kaloist
allative	kalalle	kaloille
adessive	kalal	kaloil
ablative	kalalt	kaloilt
translative	kalaks	kaloiks
essive	kalanna, kallaan	kaloinna, kalloin
exessive¹⁾	kalant	kaloint
¹⁾ obsolete ^) the accusative* corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) ^) the comitative** is formed by adding the suffix -ka^? or -kä^? to the genitive.

Hypernyms

elokas (“animal”)

Coordinate terms

zveeri (“animal”), lintu (“bird”)

Derived terms

kalakajava
kalakas
kalamees
kalanmarja
kalastaa

References

Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 126
Olga I. Konkova; Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎, →ISBN, page 82

Javanese

Romanization

kala

Romanization of ꦏꦭ

Karelian

Regional variants of *kala*
North Karelian (Viena)	kala
South Karelian (Tver)	kala

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kala. Cognates include Finnish kala and Estonian kala.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/
Hyphenation: ka‧la

Noun

kala (genitive kalan, partitive kalua)

fish

Declension

Viena Karelian declension of kala (type 4/kala, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	kala	kalat
genitive	kalan	kalojen
partitive	kalua	kaloja
illative	kalah	kaloih
inessive	kalašša	kaloissa
elative	kalašta	kaloista
adessive	kalalla	kaloilla
ablative	kalalta	kaloilta
translative	kalakši	kaloiksi
essive	kalana	kaloina
comitative	—	kaloineh
comitative	kalatta	kaloitta

Tver Karelian declension of kala (type 4/kala no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	kala	kalat
genitive	kalan	kaloin
partitive	kalua	kaloida
illative	kalah	kaloih
inessive	kalašša	kaloissa
elative	kalašta	kaloista
adessive	kalalla	kaloilla
ablative	kalalda	kaloilda
translative	kalakši	kaloiksi
essive	kalana	kaloina
comitative	kalanke	kaloinke
comitative	kalatta	kaloitta

Possessive forms of kala
1st person	kalani
2nd person	kalaš
3rd person	kalah
^*) Possessive forms are very rare for adjectives and only used in substantivised clauses.

References

A. V. Punzhina (1994), “kala”, in Словарь карельского языка (тверские говоры) [Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)], →ISBN
P. M. Zaykov et al. (2015), “рыба”, in Venäjä-Viena Šanakirja [Russian-Viena Karelian Dictionary], →ISBN

Latvian

Verb

kala

3rd person singular past indicative form of kalt
3rd person plural past indicative form of kalt

Livvi

Kala.

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kala. Cognates include Finnish kala and Estonian kala.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/
Hyphenation: ka‧la

Noun

kala (genitive kalan, partitive kalua)

fish

Declension

Declension of kala (Type 1/griba, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	kala	kalat
genitive	kalan	kaloin
partitive	kalua	kaloi
illative	kalah	kaloih
inessive	kalas	kalois
elative	kalaspäi	kaloispäi
allative	kalale	kaloile
adessive	kalal	kaloil
ablative	kalalpäi	kaloilpäi
translative	kalakse	kaloikse
essive	kalannu	kaloinnu
abessive	kalattah	kaloittah
comitative	kalanke	kaloinke
instructive		kaloin
prolative	kalači

References

N. Gilojeva; S. Rudakova (2009) Karjalan kielen Livvin murdehen algukursu [Beginners' course of Karelian language's Livvi dialect] (in Livvi), Petrozavodsk, →ISBN, page 3
Tatjana Boiko (2019) Suuri Karjal-Venʹalaine Sanakniigu (livvin murreh) [The Big Karelian-Russian dictionary (Livvi dialect)], 2nd edition, →ISBN, page 92

Ludian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kala.

Noun

kala

fish

Malay

Pronunciation

(Johor-Selangor) IPA^(key): /kalə/
(Riau-Lingga) IPA^(key): /kala/
Rhymes: -alə, -lə, -ə

Etymology 1

From Sanskrit काल (kāla, “time”).

Noun

kala (Jawi spelling کالا‎, plural kala-kala, informal 1st possessive kalaku, 2nd possessive kalamu, 3rd possessive kalanya)

time (inevitable passing of events)
time (quantity of availability in time)
time (time of day, as indicated by a clock, etc)
time (particular moment or hour)
time (measurement under some system of the time of day or moment in time)
time (numerical indication of a particular moment in time)

Synonyms

masa / ماس‎
waktu / وقتو‎

Etymology 2

From Javanese kala (“stinging animal”).

Noun

kala (Jawi spelling کالا‎, plural kala-kala, informal 1st possessive kalaku, 2nd possessive kalamu, 3rd possessive kalanya)

scorpion

Ngadjunmaya

Noun

kala

fire
firewood

References

Suzanne M. Prober, Emma Yuen, Michael H. O'Connor, Les Schultz, Ngadju kala: Ngadju ﬁre knowledge and contemporary ﬁre management in the Great Western Woodlands, Wembley, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Coolgardie, Ngadju Conservation.
Carl Georg von Brandenstein, 1980, Ngadjumaja: An Aboriginal Language of South-East Western Australia, Innsbruck, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.

Northern Sotho

Noun

kala

branch (of a tree)

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *kalaną, whence also Old English calan. Ultimately from an o-grade present of Proto-Indo-European *gel-.

Verb

kala

(impersonal, transitive with accusative) to freeze
mik kell ― I freeze; I become frost-bitten

Conjugation

Conjugation of kala — impersonal, active (strong class 6)

indicative	present	past
infinitive	kala
past participle	kalinn
3rd-person singular	kell	kól
subjunctive	present	past
3rd-person singular	kali	kœli

Descendants

Icelandic: kala
Norwegian Nynorsk: kala, (past participle) kalen
Swedish: kala (dialectal)

References

“kala”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Polish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈka.la/
Rhymes: -ala
Syllabification: ka‧la

Verb

kala

third-person singular present of kalać

Sakizaya

Noun

kala

prey; game

Serbo-Croatian

Noun

kala (Cyrillic spelling кала)

genitive singular of kal

Sumerian

Romanization

kala

Romanization of 𒆗 (kala)

Tok Pisin

Etymology

From English color.

Noun

kala

color

Veps

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala.

Noun

kala

fish

Inflection

Inflection of kala (inflection type 5/sana)
nominative sing.	kala
genitive sing.	kalan
partitive sing.	kalad
partitive plur.	kaloid
	singular	plural
nominative	kala	kalad
accusative	kalan	kalad
genitive	kalan	kaloiden
partitive	kalad	kaloid
essive-instructive	kalan	kaloin
translative	kalaks	kaloikš

inessive	kalas	kaloiš
elative	kalaspäi	kaloišpäi
illative	kalaha kalha	kaloihe

adessive	kalal	kaloil
ablative	kalalpäi	kaloilpäi
allative	kalale	kaloile

abessive	kalata	kaloita
comitative	kalanke	kaloidenke
prolative	kaladme	kaloidme

approximative I	kalanno	kaloidenno
approximative II	kalannoks	kaloidennoks
egressive	kalannopäi	kaloidennopäi

terminative I	kalahasai kalhasai	kaloihesai
terminative II	kalalesai	kaloilesai
terminative III	kalassai	—

additive I	kalahapäi kalhapäi	kaloihepäi
additive II	kalalepäi	kaloilepäi

Derived terms

kalankazvatai
kalankazvatuz
kalansuug

References

Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “рыба”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

Võro

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kɑlɑ/

Noun

kala (genitive kala, partitive kalla)

fish

Inflection

Inflection of kala

	singular	plural
nominative	kala	kalaq
accusative	kala	kalaq
genitive	kala	kallo
partitive	kalla	kallo
illative	kalla	kallo kallohe
inessive	kalan kalahn	kalon kallon kalohn kallohn
elative	kalast	kalost kallost
allative	kalalõ	kalolõ kallolõ
adessive	kalal	kalol kallol
ablative	kalalt	kalolt kallolt
translative	kalas	kalos kallos
terminative	kalaniq	kaloniq kalloniq
abessive	kalaldaq	kaloldaq kalloldaq
comitative	kalagaq	kallogaq

Votic

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala.

Pronunciation

(Luuditsa, Liivtšülä) IPA^(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/, [ˈkɑɫɑ]
Rhymes: -ɑlɑ
Hyphenation: ka‧la

Noun

kala

fish

Inflection

Declension of kala (type III/jalkõ, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	kala	kalad
genitive	kala	kaloje, kalojõ, kaloi
partitive	kalla	kaloitõ, kaloi
illative	kalla, kallasõ	kaloje, kalojõ, kaloisõ
inessive	kalaz	kaloiz
elative	kalassõ	kaloissõ
allative	kalalõ	kaloilõ
adessive	kalallõ	kaloillõ
ablative	kalaltõ	kaloiltõ
translative	kalassi	kaloissi
^) the accusative* corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) ^) the terminative** is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative or the genitive. ^*) the comitative** is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive.

References

V. Hallap, E. Adler, S. Grünberg, M. Leppik (2012) Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language]‎, 2 edition, Tallinn

Zacatepec Chatino

Adjective

kala

born (to be)

Verb

kala

to join, to unite

Zigula

Verb

kala

to hunt

Descendants

Mbugu: kala

References

Maarten Mous, The Making of a Mixed Language: The Case of Ma'a/Mbugu

Zulu

Verb

-kála

to weigh

Inflection

Tone H
Infinitive	ukukala
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukukala	ukungakali
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	kala	-kale
Plural	kalani	-kaleni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyakala, ngikala	engikalayo, engikala	ngikala	angikali	engingakali	ngingakali
2nd singular	uyakala, ukala	okalayo, okala	ukala	awukali	ongakali	ungakali
1st plural	siyakala, sikala	esikalayo, esikala	sikala	asikali	esingakali	singakali
2nd plural	niyakala, nikala	enikalayo, enikala	nikala	anikali	eningakali	ningakali
Class 1	uyakala, ukala	okalayo, okala	ekala	akakali	ongakali	engakali
Class 2	bayakala, bakala	abakalayo, abakala	bekala	abakali	abangakali	bengakali
Class 3	uyakala, ukala	okalayo, okala	ukala	awukali	ongakali	ungakali
Class 4	iyakala, ikala	ekalayo, ekala	ikala	ayikali	engakali	ingakali
Class 5	liyakala, likala	elikalayo, elikala	likala	alikali	elingakali	lingakali
Class 6	ayakala, akala	akalayo, akala	ekala	awakali	angakali	engakali
Class 7	siyakala, sikala	esikalayo, esikala	sikala	asikali	esingakali	singakali
Class 8	ziyakala, zikala	ezikalayo, ezikala	zikala	azikali	ezingakali	zingakali
Class 9	iyakala, ikala	ekalayo, ekala	ikala	ayikali	engakali	ingakali
Class 10	ziyakala, zikala	ezikalayo, ezikala	zikala	azikali	ezingakali	zingakali
Class 11	luyakala, lukala	olukalayo, olukala	lukala	alukali	olungakali	lungakali
Class 14	buyakala, bukala	obukalayo, obukala	bukala	abukali	obungakali	bungakali
Class 15	kuyakala, kukala	okukalayo, okukala	kukala	akukali	okungakali	kungakali
Class 17	kuyakala, kukala	okukalayo, okukala	kukala	akukali	okungakali	kungakali
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngikalile, ngikalē	engikalile, engikalē	ngikalile, ngikalē	angikalanga	engingakalanga	ngingakalanga
2nd singular	ukalile, ukalē	okalile, okalē	ukalile, ukalē	awukalanga	ongakalanga	ungakalanga
1st plural	sikalile, sikalē	esikalile, esikalē	sikalile, sikalē	asikalanga	esingakalanga	singakalanga
2nd plural	nikalile, nikalē	enikalile, enikalē	nikalile, nikalē	anikalanga	eningakalanga	ningakalanga
Class 1	ukalile, ukalē	okalile, okalē	ekalile, ekalē	akakalanga	ongakalanga	engakalanga
Class 2	bakalile, bakalē	abakalile, abakalē	bekalile, bekalē	abakalanga	abangakalanga	bengakalanga
Class 3	ukalile, ukalē	okalile, okalē	ukalile, ukalē	awukalanga	ongakalanga	ungakalanga
Class 4	ikalile, ikalē	ekalile, ekalē	ikalile, ikalē	ayikalanga	engakalanga	ingakalanga
Class 5	likalile, likalē	elikalile, elikalē	likalile, likalē	alikalanga	elingakalanga	lingakalanga
Class 6	akalile, akalē	akalile, akalē	ekalile, ekalē	awakalanga	angakalanga	engakalanga
Class 7	sikalile, sikalē	esikalile, esikalē	sikalile, sikalē	asikalanga	esingakalanga	singakalanga
Class 8	zikalile, zikalē	ezikalile, ezikalē	zikalile, zikalē	azikalanga	ezingakalanga	zingakalanga
Class 9	ikalile, ikalē	ekalile, ekalē	ikalile, ikalē	ayikalanga	engakalanga	ingakalanga
Class 10	zikalile, zikalē	ezikalile, ezikalē	zikalile, zikalē	azikalanga	ezingakalanga	zingakalanga
Class 11	lukalile, lukalē	olukalile, olukalē	lukalile, lukalē	alukalanga	olungakalanga	lungakalanga
Class 14	bukalile, bukalē	obukalile, obukalē	bukalile, bukalē	abukalanga	obungakalanga	bungakalanga
Class 15	kukalile, kukalē	okukalile, okukalē	kukalile, kukalē	akukalanga	okungakalanga	kungakalanga
Class 17	kukalile, kukalē	okukalile, okukalē	kukalile, kukalē	akukalanga	okungakalanga	kungakalanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngākala	engākala	ngākala	angikalanga	engingakalanga	ngingakalanga
2nd singular	wākala	owākala	wākala	awukalanga	ongakalanga	ungakalanga
1st plural	sākala	esākala	sākala	asikalanga	esingakalanga	singakalanga
2nd plural	nākala	enākala	nākala	anikalanga	eningakalanga	ningakalanga
Class 1	wākala	owākala	ākala	akakalanga	ongakalanga	engakalanga
Class 2	bākala	abākala	bākala	abakalanga	abangakalanga	bengakalanga
Class 3	wākala	owākala	wākala	awukalanga	ongakalanga	ungakalanga
Class 4	yākala	eyākala	yākala	ayikalanga	engakalanga	ingakalanga
Class 5	lākala	elākala	lākala	alikalanga	elingakalanga	lingakalanga
Class 6	ākala	ākala	ākala	awakalanga	angakalanga	engakalanga
Class 7	sākala	esākala	sākala	asikalanga	esingakalanga	singakalanga
Class 8	zākala	ezākala	zākala	azikalanga	ezingakalanga	zingakalanga
Class 9	yākala	eyākala	yākala	ayikalanga	engakalanga	ingakalanga
Class 10	zākala	ezākala	zākala	azikalanga	ezingakalanga	zingakalanga
Class 11	lwākala	olwākala	lwākala	alukalanga	olungakalanga	lungakalanga
Class 14	bākala	obākala	bākala	abukalanga	obungakalanga	bungakalanga
Class 15	kwākala	okwākala	kwākala	akukalanga	okungakalanga	kungakalanga
Class 17	kwākala	okwākala	kwākala	akukalanga	okungakalanga	kungakalanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingakala	—	ngingakala	ngingekale	—	ngingekale
2nd singular	ungakala	—	ungakala	ungekale	—	ungekale
1st plural	singakala	—	singakala	singekale	—	singekale
2nd plural	ningakala	—	ningakala	ningekale	—	ningekale
Class 1	angakala	—	engakala	angekale	—	engekale
Class 2	bangakala	—	bengakala	bangekale	—	bengekale
Class 3	ungakala	—	ungakala	ungekale	—	ungekale
Class 4	ingakala	—	ingakala	ingekale	—	ingekale
Class 5	lingakala	—	lingakala	lingekale	—	lingekale
Class 6	angakala	—	engakala	angekale	—	engekale
Class 7	singakala	—	singakala	singekale	—	singekale
Class 8	zingakala	—	zingakala	zingekale	—	zingekale
Class 9	ingakala	—	ingakala	ingekale	—	ingekale
Class 10	zingakala	—	zingakala	zingekale	—	zingekale
Class 11	lungakala	—	lungakala	lungekale	—	lungekale
Class 14	bungakala	—	bungakala	bungekale	—	bungekale
Class 15	kungakala	—	kungakala	kungekale	—	kungekale
Class 17	kungakala	—	kungakala	kungekale	—	kungekale
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizokala	engizokala	ngizokala	angizukala	engingezukala	ngingezukala
2nd singular	uzokala	ozokala	uzokala	awuzukala	ongezukala	ungezukala
1st plural	sizokala	esizokala	sizokala	asizukala	esingezukala	singezukala
2nd plural	nizokala	enizokala	nizokala	anizukala	eningezukala	ningezukala
Class 1	uzokala	ozokala	ezokala	akazukala	ongezukala	engezukala
Class 2	bazokala	abazokala	bezokala	abazukala	abangezukala	bengezukala
Class 3	uzokala	ozokala	uzokala	awuzukala	ongezukala	ungezukala
Class 4	izokala	ezokala	izokala	ayizukala	engezukala	ingezukala
Class 5	lizokala	elizokala	lizokala	alizukala	elingezukala	lingezukala
Class 6	azokala	azokala	ezokala	awazukala	angezukala	engezukala
Class 7	sizokala	esizokala	sizokala	asizukala	esingezukala	singezukala
Class 8	zizokala	ezizokala	zizokala	azizukala	ezingezukala	zingezukala
Class 9	izokala	ezokala	izokala	ayizukala	engezukala	ingezukala
Class 10	zizokala	ezizokala	zizokala	azizukala	ezingezukala	zingezukala
Class 11	luzokala	oluzokala	luzokala	aluzukala	olungezukala	lungezukala
Class 14	buzokala	obuzokala	buzokala	abuzukala	obungezukala	bungezukala
Class 15	kuzokala	okuzokala	kuzokala	akuzukala	okungezukala	kungezukala
Class 17	kuzokala	okuzokala	kuzokala	akuzukala	okungezukala	kungezukala
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyokala	engiyokala	ngiyokala	angiyukala	engingeyukala	ngingeyukala
2nd singular	uyokala	oyokala	uyokala	awuyukala	ongeyukala	ungeyukala
1st plural	siyokala	esiyokala	siyokala	asiyukala	esingeyukala	singeyukala
2nd plural	niyokala	eniyokala	niyokala	aniyukala	eningeyukala	ningeyukala
Class 1	uyokala	oyokala	eyokala	akayukala	ongeyukala	engeyukala
Class 2	bayokala	abayokala	beyokala	abayukala	abangeyukala	bengeyukala
Class 3	uyokala	oyokala	uyokala	awuyukala	ongeyukala	ungeyukala
Class 4	iyokala	eyokala	iyokala	ayiyukala	engeyukala	ingeyukala
Class 5	liyokala	eliyokala	liyokala	aliyukala	elingeyukala	lingeyukala
Class 6	ayokala	ayokala	eyokala	awayukala	angeyukala	engeyukala
Class 7	siyokala	esiyokala	siyokala	asiyukala	esingeyukala	singeyukala
Class 8	ziyokala	eziyokala	ziyokala	aziyukala	ezingeyukala	zingeyukala
Class 9	iyokala	eyokala	iyokala	ayiyukala	engeyukala	ingeyukala
Class 10	ziyokala	eziyokala	ziyokala	aziyukala	ezingeyukala	zingeyukala
Class 11	luyokala	oluyokala	luyokala	aluyukala	olungeyukala	lungeyukala
Class 14	buyokala	obuyokala	buyokala	abuyukala	obungeyukala	bungeyukala
Class 15	kuyokala	okuyokala	kuyokala	akuyukala	okungeyukala	kungeyukala
Class 17	kuyokala	okuyokala	kuyokala	akuyukala	okungeyukala	kungeyukala
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngikale	ngingakali
2nd singular	ukale	ungakali
1st plural	sikale	singakali
2nd plural	nikale	ningakali
Class 1	akale	angakali
Class 2	bakale	bangakali
Class 3	ukale	ungakali
Class 4	ikale	ingakali
Class 5	likale	lingakali
Class 6	akale	angakali
Class 7	sikale	singakali
Class 8	zikale	zingakali
Class 9	ikale	ingakali
Class 10	zikale	zingakali
Class 11	lukale	lungakali
Class 14	bukale	bungakali
Class 15	kukale	kungakali
Class 17	kukale	kungakali
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngakala	ngangakala, angakala, angangakala
2nd singular	wakala	wangakala, awakala, awangakala
1st plural	sakala	sangakala, asakala, asangakala
2nd plural	nakala	nangakala, anakala, anangakala
Class 1	wakala	wangakala, akakala, akangakala
Class 2	bakala	bangakala, abakala, abangakala
Class 3	wakala	wangakala, awakala, awangakala
Class 4	yakala	yangakala, ayakala, ayangakala
Class 5	lakala	langakala, alakala, alangakala
Class 6	akala	angakala, awakala, awangakala
Class 7	sakala	sangakala, asakala, asangakala
Class 8	zakala	zangakala, azakala, azangakala
Class 9	yakala	yangakala, ayakala, ayangakala
Class 10	zakala	zangakala, azakala, azangakala
Class 11	lwakala	lwangakala, alwakala, alwangakala
Class 14	bakala	bangakala, abakala, abangakala
Class 15	kwakala	kwangakala, akwakala, akwangakala
Class 17	kwakala	kwangakala, akwakala, akwangakala

References

C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “kala”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “kala (3.9)”