ka- -an

ka- -an

See also: Kaan, kaan, káaṇ, kāān̄, Ka'an, ka'an, kaʼan, -kaan, -kään, and kaan³²²

Kangean

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ka an/

Circumfix

ka- -an

1. -ness; appended to adjectives to form abstract nouns meaning "the state of (the adjective)", "the quality of (the adjective)", or "the measure of (the adjective)".

   kabecekan ― kindness

   kakarepan ― eagerness

   kaleburan ― loveliness

   kanyamanan ― palatableness

2. -ship; appended to a noun to form a new noun denoting a property or state of being, time spent in a role, or a specialised union.

   kasaraan ― hardship

3. -ity; Used to form a noun from an adjective; especially, to form the noun referring to the state, property, or quality of conforming to the adjective's description.

   kalempongan ― perplexity

4. Forming nouns denoting the domain or jurisdiction of the suffixed word.

   kadipatenan ― duchy

Circumfix

ka- -an

1. -ed; to suffer or to get of noun or verb bases.

   ‎takok (“fright”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎katakokan (“frightened”)

   ‎tagersok (“shock”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎katagersokan (“shocked”)

Circumfix

ka- -an

1. (usually colloquial) adjective forming for very [base] or exceed, affixed into adjective, adverb, or noun.

   ‎raje (“huge”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎karajean (“too big”)

   ‎dumik (“small”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kadumikan (“too small”)

   ‎seang (“midday”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kaseangan (“too late; overslept”)

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Tagalog

Alternative forms

• ca- -an – obsolete, Abecedario orthography
• ka- -han
• ka- -nan

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *ka- -an (compare Malay ke- -an).

Circumfix

ka- -an (Baybayin spelling ᜃ ᜀᜈ᜔)

1. Used to form abstract nouns.

   ka- -an + payapa (“peaceful”) = kapayapaan (“peace”)

   ka- -an + malay (“awareness”) = kamalayan (“consciousness”)

2. Used to form nouns indicating a larger location.

   ka- -an + gubat (“woods”) = kagubatan (“forest”)

   ka- -an + dagat (“sea”) = karagatan (“ocean”)

3. Used to form proper nouns indicating a domain of a people or place.

   ka- -an + Tagalog (“Tagalog”) = Katagalugan (“Tagalog lands”)

   ka- -an + Bisaya (“Visayan”) = Kabisayaan (“Visayas”)

   ka- -an + Maynila (“Manila”) = Kamaynilaan (“Metro Manila”)

Usage notes

• Normally, /h/ is inserted before -an when the root word ends with a vowel that is not followed by a glottal stop. In some cases, phoneme change can occur and /h/ becomes /n/.

  ‎saya + ‎ka- -an → ‎kasiyahan

  ‎dami + ‎ka- -an → ‎karamihan

  ‎gusto + ‎ka- -an → ‎kagustuhan

  ‎bihasa + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabihasnan

• Due to allophony, /d/ turns into /r/ when inserted before -an or after ka-.

  ‎baliktad + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabaliktaran

  ‎lunod + ‎ka- -an → ‎kanluran

  ‎gawad + ‎ka- -an → ‎kagawaran

  ‎dami + ‎ka- -an → ‎karamihan

  ‎dangal + ‎ka- -an → ‎karangalan

  ‎danas + ‎ka- -an → ‎karanasan

Derived terms

Tagalog terms circumfixed with ka- -an