-KAAD
Navajo
Etymology
From Proto-Athabaskan *qa̓tʼ (“to spread out, fall scattered, collapse, slap, clap”)
Found in Navajo in a wide range of themes related to the moving or spreading of "flatness", including classificatory root for the moving / falling or propelling of objects of the PlO2 (profusion) or OC (open container) classes, the herding of sheep over a surface, or the slapping of hands.
Root
-KAAD
1. PlO2 (as seeds) or OC (as a bucket and its content) falls, spills, scatters
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | motion | PlO2 / OC falls
| S tosses PlO2 / OC
|
2. to herd sheep, to drive sheep
Theme | Category | Bases | Unspecified (+ʼa) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + ni + ł | motion | S herds O (sheep)
|
3. to slap, to clap hands
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dzi/O + Ø | successive | S slaps, beats (O) Motion (with dzi-) :
Successive (with O):
|
4. flatness moves (other minor themes)
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ni + Ø | motion | S collapses or sways
| S topples O
| ||||
Ø | successive | S plays cards, gambles
| |||||
Ø | S becomes chipped
| S chips O
| |||||
di + Ø | adjectival | S is flat, thin
| |||||
Ø | positional | S lies, spreads (as shrubs)
| S keeps O in position
| ||||
hi / di + yíní + Ø | positional | S hangs, extends (as blanket, layer)
|
Stem set
Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -kaad | -kaad | -kał | -kaʼ | -kaad |
CONT | -kaad | -kaad | -kał | -kaʼ | -kaad |
REP | -kaʼ | -kaad | -kał | -kaʼ | -kaʼ |
REP | -kad | -kaad | -kał | -kaʼ | -kad |
SEM / CONCL | -kad | -kad | -kał | -kaʼ | -kad |
NEUT | -kad | -kaad | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
PlO2 verbs:
- -JAAʼ
- -DEEʼ
OC verbs:
- -KĄ́
- -DÁÁZ
FFO verbs:
- -TSOOZ (handle FFO)
- -ʼAH (propel FFO)
- -NAʼ (FFO moves)
- -BAAL (FFO hangs)
- -TIʼ (spread a FFO)
to sway:
- -WOD
- -YIZ
- -ZÉÉH
to collapse:
- -TŁÉÉʼ
- -YĘĘZH
to hit, to beat:
- -GHAAL (club)
- -GOʼ
- -TSEED (hammer)
- -TSʼIN (fist)
- -TSXAS (lash)
Derived terms
Navajo terms belonging to the root -KAAD (flat moves)