-ka
See also: ka- and Appendix:Variations of "ka"
Basque
Suffix
-ka
- Used to form adverbs from nouns.
- tarte (“gap, interval”) + -ka → tarteka (“intermittently”)
- looking for
- ote (“gorse, furze”) + -ka → oteka (“looking for gorse”)
- divided in, distributed in
- talde (“group”) + -ka → taldeka (“in groups”)
Derived terms
Basque terms suffixed with -ka
Curripaco
Suffix
-ka
- progressive tense marker
- nuiraka : I am drinking
References
- Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN), page 398
Czech
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Suffix
-ka
- Appended to words to create a feminine version of a noun, especially a profession, origin, or proper name.
- lékař + -ka → lékařka
- Appended to words to create a diminutive form of a noun.
- vlna + -ka → vlnka
Derived terms
Czech terms suffixed with -ka
Further reading
- -ka in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017
Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *-ka, from Proto-Uralic *-ka. Originally probably an emphatic particle.
Clitic
-ka
- (non-productive) Used for emphasis or for prosodic purposes
- ei → eikä
- saati → saatikka
- (non-productive) Extends monosyllabic stems to avoid words with only a single light syllable.
- jo- → joka, ku- → kuka, mi- → mikä
Usage notes
- This suffix is no longer productive.
- In some words the suffix may appear as -kka; this is either due to the previous word incurring gemination, or from an earlier -hka (with a preceding -h-).
Derived terms
Finnish terms suffixed with -ka
Hungarian
Etymology
From Proto-Finno-Ugric. Compare Finnish -kka.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [kɒ]
- Rhymes: -kɒ
Suffix
-ka
- (diminutive suffix) Added to a word to express smallness, youth, unimportance, or endearment. When added to present participles, it can also express the instrument or place of the action indicated in the base word.
- cukor (“sugar”) → cukorka (“candy”)
- asztal (“table”) → asztalka (“small table”)
- jár (“to walk”) → járó (“walking”) → járóka (“playpen”)
Usage notes
- (diminutive suffix) Harmonic variants:
- -ka is added to back vowel words
- -ke is added to front vowel words
Derived terms
Hungarian nouns suffixed with -ka
See also
- -cska
- Appendix:Hungarian suffixes
Ilocano
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ka/
Noun
-ka
- Second-person absolutive enclitic personal pronoun
See also
Ilocano personal pronouns
| Person | Number | Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique | Possessive | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disjunctive | Enclitic | Enclitic3 | bági form | kukua form | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First | singular | siak | -ak | -ko, -k | kaniak | bagik | kukuak | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dual | data, sita1 | -ta | kaniata, kadata | bagita | kukuata | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| plural inclusive | datayo, sitayo1 | -tayo, -tay | kaniatayo, kadatayo | bagitayo | kukuatayo | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| plural exclusive | dakami, sikami1 | -kami, -kam | -mi | kaniami, kadakami | bagimi | kukuami | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Second | singular | sika | -ka | -mo, -m | kaniam, kenka | bagim | kukuam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| plural | dakayo, sikayo1 | -kayo, -kay | -yo | kaniayo, kadakayo | bagiyo | kukuayo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Third | singular | isu, isuna | Ø2 | -na | kaniana, kenkuana | bagina | kukuana | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| plural | isuda | -da | kaniada, kadakuada | bagida | kukuada | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1Regional variants. 2Null morpheme. There is no absolutive enclitic for the third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives isu or isuna may also be used. 3Ergative enclitics are also used as possessive markers. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fused enclitics
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ingrian
Etymology 1
From Proto-Finnic *-ka. Cognates include Finnish -ka.
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /-kɑ/, [-kɑ]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /-kɑ/, [-kɑ]
Clitic
-ka (front-vowel variant -kä)
- Used to turn a clause interrogative.
- Used after negative verbs to join two verb clauses: neither, nor, and not
Usage notes
- In the interrogative function, when added to verbs, -ka is only used after the consonant -t. Otherwise, the reduced form -k or its alternative form -ko/-kö is used.
- In the joining function, an alternative -k is (rarely) also used.
Suffix
-ka (front vowel variant -kä)
- (unproductive) Used in some words to introduce an interrogative aspect.
- Proto-Finnic *mi- + -ka → mikä
- Proto-Finnic *ku- + -ka → kuka
- (unproductive) Used in some words to introduce a negative aspect.
Derived terms
Ingrian terms suffixed with -ka
Etymology 2
Akin to dialectal Finnish -kaa and Estonian -ga.
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /-kɑ/, [-kɑ]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /-kɑ/, [-kɑ]
Suffix
-ka (front vowel variant -kä)
- (chiefly Ala-Laukaa) Used to form the comitative case when added to a genitive of a noun.
References
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 118
Japanese
Romanization
-ka
- Rōmaji transcription of か
Kambera
Pronoun
-ka
- first person singular accusative enclitic
Particle
-ka
- perfective aspect enclitic
- Na-mutung-ka.
- It burned down.
See also
Kambera pronominal clitics
| Nominative | Genitive | Accusative | Dative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | ku- | -nggu | -ka | -ngga |
| 2sg | mu- (u-) | -mu | -kau | -nggau |
| 3sg | na- | -na | -ya | -nya |
| 1pl.incl | ta- | -nda | -ta | -nda |
| 1pl.excl | ma- | -ma | -kama | -nggama |
| 2pl | mi- (i-) | -mi | -kami (-kai) | -nggami (-nggai) |
| 3pl | da- | -da | -ha | -nja |
Lower Sorbian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Suffix
-ka f
- added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
- added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive
Derived terms
Lower Sorbian terms suffixed with -ka
Maquiritari
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [-ka]
Alternative forms
- (allomorphs) -kkwa
Suffix
-ka
- Forms privative transitive verbs from nouns, with a meaning of ‘to deprive of X’, ‘to extract X from’, ‘to X away’: dis-, ex-.
Usage notes
This suffix exists in related languages but is rare in spontaneous speech and possibly non-productive in Maquiritari. When it does occur, it can trigger syllable reduction and in some cases become -kkwa.
Suffix
-ka
- Allomorph of -a (nonpast or past imperfective suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k.
References
- Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “-ka”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana, Lyon, page 148
Old Polish
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Suffix
-ka f
- feminine noun suffix
- ambroże + -ka → ambrożka
Derived terms
Old Polish terms suffixed with -ka
Suffix
-ka n
- inflection of -ko:
- genitive singular
- nominative/vocative plural
Polish
Etymology
Inherited from Old Polish -ka, from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ka/
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -a
- Syllabification: ka
Suffix
-ka f
- feminine noun suffix
- Azjata + -ka → Azjatka
- Synonym: -na
- diminutive noun suffix
- część + -ka → cząstka
Declension
Declension of -ka
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -ka | -ki |
| genitive | -ki | -ek |
| dative | -ce | -kom |
| accusative | -kę | -ki |
| instrumental | -ką | -kami |
| locative | -ce | -kach |
| vocative | -ko | -ki |
Derived terms
Polish terms suffixed with -ka
Suffix
-ka n
- inflection of -ko:
- genitive singular
- nominative/vocative plural
Further reading
- -ka in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- -ka in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Serbo-Croatian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Suffix
-ka (Cyrillic spelling -ка)
- Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name.
See also
- -inka
- -enka
- -ovka
Slovak
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ka/
Suffix
-ka
- Denotes that the word is a feminine version of the word it is appended to.
- Talian m (“Italian (man)”) + -ka = Talianka f (“Italian (woman)”)
- Sometimes denotes a word as a diminutive.
- mucha f (“fly”) + -ka = muška f (“small fly”)
Declension
Declension of -ka
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -ka | -ky |
| genitive | -ky | -iek, -ok |
| dative | -ke | -kám, -kam |
| accusative | -ku | -ky |
| locative | -ke | -kách, -kach |
| instrumental | -kou | -kami |
Derived terms
Slovak terms suffixed with -ka
Somali
Article
-ka (feminine -ta)
- The masculine definite article; the
Usage notes
- This form is used after the consonants -b, -d, -f, -l, -n, -r, -s and -sh.
- After words ending in -g, -aa, -i, -y and -w, the form -ga is used.
References
- Puglielli, Annarita; Mansuur, Cabdalla Cumar (2012), “ka”, in Qaamuuska Af-Soomaliga, Rome: RomaTrE-Press, →ISBN
Upper Sorbian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Suffix
-ka
- added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
- added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive
Derived terms
Upper Sorbian terms suffixed with -ka
Votic
Etymology
From kaaz, kaa. Compare Estonian -ga, Ingrian -ka.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /-kɑː/
- (Luuditsa, Liivtšülä) IPA(key): [-kɑ]
Suffix
-ka
- Forms the comitative case to mean "with" (accompanying, implement, etc.); added to the genitive forms.
Usage notes
This suffix is not subject to vowel harmony.