ju
See also: Appendix:Variations of "ju"
English
Noun
ju (plural not attested)
- (Hong Kong, slang) Someone admitted to university through the JUPAS system.
Albanian
Etymology
Nominative-accusative from Proto-Albanian *ju(s), from Proto-Indo-European *yū́ (compare Lithuanian jùs, Gothic 𐌾𐌿𐍃 (jūs, “you (plural)”)). Ablative jush is from Proto-Albanian *ju-su (and is thus similar to Lithuanian genitive jū́sų).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ju/
Pronoun
ju (accusative ju, dative juve, ablative jush)
- you (plural or polite)
Declension
forms of ju
| ju (2nd person plural) | ||
|---|---|---|
| nominative | ju | |
| ablative | jush | |
| full form | clitic | |
| accusative | ju | ju |
| dative | juve | ju |
| possessive adjective | possessive pronoun | |
| juaj | juaji | |
See also
Albanian personal pronouns
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | unë | ne | |
| 2nd person | ti | ju | |
| 3rd person | masculine | ai | ata |
| feminine | ajo | ato | |
Bilua
Noun
ju
- water
References
- A Grammar of Bilua: A Papuan Language of the Solomon Islands (2003)
Borôro
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈdʒuː/
Noun
ju
- manioc
Dalmatian
Etymology
From Vulgar Latin eo, from Latin ego.
Pronoun
ju
- (first person singular pronoun) I
- Ju sai rau. ― I am sorry.
Related terms
- me, main
See also
- te
- jal, jala
- nu
- vu
- jali, jale
Drehu
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ðu/
Noun
ju
- (anatomy) back
References
- Tyron, D.T., Hackman, B. (1983) Solomon Islands languages: An internal classification. Cited in: "Dehu" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271-283.
- Leenhardt, M. (1946) Langues et dialectes de l'Austro-Mèlanèsie. Cited in: "ⁿDe’u" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271-283.
Dutch
Etymology
Of onomatopoeic origin
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jy/
Audio (file)
Interjection
ju
- Said to a horse to make it start moving.
Esperanto
Etymology
From Swedish ju.
Pronunciation
Audio (file)
- IPA(key): [ju]
- Hyphenation: ju
Particle
ju
- the; used with des and either pli (“more”) or malpli (“less”) to form the first half of a coordinated comparative.
- 1903, Ben Elmy, "La Lingvo de la floroj", in The Esperantist: The Esperanto Gazette for the Spreading of the International Language, page 138,
- Ju pli ni studas la florojn, des pli ni konstatas, ke multe da ili posedas nesuspektitajn lertecojn, kiujn apud besto ni volonte nomus instinkto aŭ еĉ prudento.
- The more we study the flowers, the more we establish that many of them possess unexpected abilities, which in an animal we would willingly call instinct or even foresight.
- 1903, Ben Elmy, "La Lingvo de la floroj", in The Esperantist: The Esperanto Gazette for the Spreading of the International Language, page 138,
Coordinate terms
- des
Estonian
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *ju. Cognate to Finnish jo, Votic jo, and Ludian ďo.
Adverb
ju
- Emphasises what is spoken, usually because it is already known and obvious to both parties.
- Ma ju armastan sind.
- I love you, isn't it obvious?
- apparently, probably
- Ju ta tahab homme minna.
- He probably wants to go tomorrow.
Gothic
Romanization
ju
- Romanization of 𐌾𐌿
Guaraní
Verb
ju (active, intransitive, irregular)
- to come (to move towards the speaker)
Conjugation
- (che) aju
- (nde) reju
- (ha'e) ou
- (ñande) jaju
- (ore) roju
- (peẽ) peju
- (ha'ekuéra) ou
Japanese
Romanization
ju
- Rōmaji transcription of じゅ
- Rōmaji transcription of ジュ
- Rōmaji transcription of ぢゅ
- Rōmaji transcription of ヂュ
Ladin
Adverb
ju
- down, below
- downstairs
Lower Sorbian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈju]
Pronoun
ju
- accusative of wóna
Related terms
- nju (after preposition)
Mandarin
Romanization
ju
- Nonstandard spelling of jū.
- Nonstandard spelling of jú.
- Nonstandard spelling of jǔ.
- Nonstandard spelling of jù.
Usage notes
- English transcriptions of Mandarin speech often fail to distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without the appropriate indication of tone.
Middle Dutch
Pronoun
ju
- (Flemish, Holland) accusative/dative of gi
Further reading
- Verwijs, E.; Verdam, J. (1885–1929), “ju”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN
Middle Low German
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /juː(w)/
Etymology 1
From Old Saxon iu, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz.
Pronoun
jû
- accusative/dative of gî: you
Declension
Middle Low German personal pronouns
| nominative | accusative | dative | genitive | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | ik (ek) | mî (mê, mik, mek) | mîn (mîner) | ||
| 2nd person singular | dû | dî (dê, dik, dek) | dîn (dîner) | ||
| 3rd person singular | |||||
| m | hê (hî, hie) | ēne, en (ȫne, ȫn) | ēme, em (ȫme, en) | sîn (sîner) | |
| n | it (et) | ||||
| f | sê (sî, sie, sü̂) | ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer) | |||
| 1st person plural | wî (wê, wie) | uns (ûs, ös, ü̂sik) | unser (ûser) | ||
| 2nd person plural | gî (jê, î) | jû (jûwe, û, jük, gik) | jûwer (ûwer) | ||
| 3rd person plural | sê (sî, sie) | em, öm, jüm (en, ēnen, ȫnen) | ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer) | ||
For an explanation of the forms in brackets see here. | |||||
Alternative forms
- jûw
Descendants
- Low German: ju, jug, jo, jau, u, ugg
Determiner
jû
- your (plural)
Declension
Declension of ju
| nominative | accusative | dative | genitive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strong declension | ||||
| Masculine | jû | jûwen | jûwem(e) (jûwennote) | jûwes |
| Neuter | jû | |||
| Feminine | jûwe | jûwer(e) | ||
| Plural | jûwe | jûwen | jûwer(e) | |
| Weak declension | ||||
| Masculine | jûwe | jûwen | jûwen | |
| Neuter | jûwe | |||
| Feminine | jûwen | |||
| Plural | jûwen | |||
| The longer forms become rarer in the course of the period. | ||||
Old French
Noun
ju m (oblique plural jus, nominative singular jus, nominative plural ju)
- Alternative form of geu
Old Frisian
Alternative forms
- iu, jō, io
Etymology
From Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz.
Pronoun
jū
- accusative/dative of jī
Inflection
Old Frisian personal pronoun declensions
| singular | plural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd m | 3rd f | 3rd n | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
| nominative | ik | thū | hī | hiū, hiō | hit | wī | jī | hiā |
| accusative | mī | thī | hine | hiā | hit | ūs | jū, jō | hiā |
| dative | mī | thī | him | hire, hiāre | him | ūs | jū, jō | him, hirem, hiārem |
| genitive | mīn | thīn | sīn | hire, hiāre | sīn | ūser | jūwer | hira, hiāra |
Descendants
- North Frisian: juu
- Saterland Frisian: jou, Jou
- West Frisian: jo
Saterland Frisian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ju/
- Hyphenation: ju
- Rhymes: -u
Etymology 1
From Old Frisian hiū, from Proto-West Germanic *hiju, from Proto-Germanic *hijō. Cognates include West Frisian hja and English hoo.
Pronoun
ju (oblique hier)
- she
See also
Saterland Frisian personal pronouns
| singular | plural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd m | 3rd f | 3rd n | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
| stressed | iek | du | hie | ju | dät | wie | jie | jo |
| unstressed | er | ze | et | ze | ||||
| objective | mie | die | him | hier | dät | uus | jou | hier |
Etymology 2
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Alternative forms
- dju
Article
ju (unstressed de)
- feminine of die
References
- Marron C. Fort (2015), “ju”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN
Serbo-Croatian
Etymology 1
Clitic of nju
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ju/
Pronoun
ju (Cyrillic spelling ју)
- her (clitic accusative singular of òna (“she”))
Declension
Inflection of 3rd-person pronouns
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| nominative | ȏn | òna | òno | òni | òne | òna |
| genitive | njȅga, ga | njȇ, je | njȅga, ga | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih |
| dative | njȅmu, mu | njȏj, joj | njȅmu, mu | njȉma, im | njȉma, im | njȉma, im |
| accusative | njȅga, ga, nj | njȗ, ju, je | njȅga, ga, nj | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih |
| vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| locative | njȅm, njȅmu | njȏj | njȅm, njȅmu | njȉma | njȉma | njȉma |
| instrumental | njȋm, njíme | njȏm, njóme | njȋm, njíme | njȉma | njȉma | njȉma |
Etymology 2
Form of iju
Alternative forms
- iju
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ju/
Interjection
ju (Cyrillic spelling ју)
- Used to express surprise.
Shuar
Determiner
ju
- this, these
References
- Chicham: Dictionario Enciclopédico Shuar-Castellano
Slovak
Alternative forms
- ňu (after prepositions)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ju]
Pronoun
ju f
- accusative singular of ona
Swedish
Etymology
Compare Danish jo, German ja (adverb) / je (conjunction).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jɵ/, /jʉ(ː)/
audio (file)
Adverb
ju
- Used to indicate an expectation of common understanding, or that what is said is an obvious fact – "as you well know," "of course."
- Bussen går ju klockan tre.
- The bus of course leaves at three o'clock / But the bus leaves at three o'clock (with an expectation that the second party in the conversation is aware of the fact)
- Det var ju inte så bra att vi missade bussen. Nu hinner vi inte med flyget.
- It wasn't great that we missed the bus, of course. Now we will miss the flight.
ju...desto
- the...the (when comparing)
- Ju större, desto bättre.
- The larger, the better.
Usage notes
Colloquially, desto as a parallel comparative is sometimes replaced by a second ju: "Ju större, ju bättre."
Further reading
- ju in Svensk ordbok.
Wauja
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʐu/
Interjection
ju
- my dear(s), dearie (intimate yet very courteous term of address from one woman to another, esp. to a female sibling, close relative, or companion)
- Hai, ju! Aya awauta apisun wiu. Ume eu. Aya awauta apisun wiu, ju. Hoona! Iseju, wi.
- "Well, dear! Let's find ourselves a lover," she said. "Let's look for a lover for ourselves, my dear." "Agreed!" [said] her younger sister.
- Pitsu neke, ju! uma pakai paiseju ipitsi. Pitsu neke, ju.
- "Your turn now, dearie," the woman said to her younger sister. "Your turn, my dear."
- Munyakawaka wi, kamwo putukawiu, naatsa kamwi eu whun. Hoona! Hai, ju! Aya waku wiu, ju! Hoona! uma pakai. Aya waku wi! Tuma ulepiu!
- It began to be light, the sun showed itself, it was just here on the horizon. So! [The women said to one another:] "Hey there, my dear! Let's go to the riverside, dear!" "Yes, let's do!" came the reply. "Let's go to the river, indeed!" They began to make fresh manioc bread [to give their lover when they met him at the river's edge].
- Ayama ju! Hoona! Iyapai otepo. Onupene otepoga akain! Eh! Ewetemewi, ju! Hokotawi tsiiiii!
- "Let's go [visit the tree] once again, dear!" [the older sister said to the younger]. "All right!" [the younger sister agreed]. [They] went under [the tree]. They saw pequi fruit [on the ground] beneath [the tree]! "Ah! Let's taste it, dear!" [She] cut [it] open: tsiiiii! [sound of slicing open the fruit]
- Hai, ju! Aya awauta apisun wiu. Ume eu. Aya awauta apisun wiu, ju. Hoona! Iseju, wi.
Usage notes
- "My dear" is a rough translation of the term ju, as there is no counterpart in modern English. This is a traditional term of address between women who are speaking in a tone that is both intimate and gracious. It is simultaneously polite and tender, expressing feminine solicitude at its most comforting. Though this term was routinely used by well-spoken female elders in 1981, it was already beginning to be seen by young people as archaic. Older women would teach the anthropologist to use this lovely old term, and remark that young women nowadays no longer bothered to use it. Meanwhile, young female relatives within earshot typically would just giggle. A few decades later, it was rarely heard in daily speech, and more likely to be encountered in traditional stories. Note that it is not a kinship term, but more like a term of gender solidarity.
See also
- tya (“my man, guys, fellas”)
References
- "Hai, ju!" (transcript, p. 9), "Pitsu neke" (p. 33), "Munyakawaka wi" (p. 57), and "Ayama ju!" (p. 72), uttered by Aruta, storyteller and elder, as he recounted the traditional tale, "The Caiman Spirit" (Yakaojokuma). Recorded in Piyulaga village in the presence of assembled elders and others, November 1989. In this story, a chief, who already has two wives, takes two additional ones, causing the first two wives to feel neglected, and to decide to take a lover. The dialogue between the two women makes extensive use of ju in a comedic manner, showing the two woman so utterly jealous at their husband's taking two new wives that they completely — and quite unnaturally — put aside any jealousy between themselves. With utmost courtesy and decorum, the women in the story calmly take turns receiving the amorous attentions of their shared paramour, something it is impossible to imagine any Wauja woman tolerating, which makes the story all the more amusing.
Yale
Pronoun
ju
- you (second-person singular personal pronoun)
Yoruba
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡ʒù/
Verb
jù
- (transitive) to throw
Usage notes
- ju before a direct object
Derived terms
- ìjù (“the act of throwing”)
- jíjù (“throwing”)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡ʒù/
Verb
jù
- (transitive) to exceed, to surpass
Usage notes
- ju before a direct object
Derived terms
- ìjù (“the act of exceeding”)
- àmì jíjù (“greater than sign '>'”)
Related terms
- rè (“to exceed in size or dimension”)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡ʒù/
Verb
jù
- (intransitive) to be worm-infested
Derived terms
- ìju (“false pregnancy”)