jo
English
Pronunciation
- (Scotland) IPA(key): /d͡ʒoː/
- Rhymes: -oː
Etymology 1
From Scots jo (“joy”), from Middle English joye, from Old French joie, from Late Latin gaudia, neuter plural (mistaken as feminine singular) of Latin gaudium (“joy”), from gaudēre (“to be glad, rejoice”). Doublet of joy and gaudy (“Oxford college reunion”).
Noun
jo (plural jos)
- (Scotland) Darling, sweetheart.
- 1711, traditional, published by James Watson, Old Long Syne:
- On Old long syne my Jo,
on Old long syne,
That thou canst never once reflect,
on Old long syne.
- On Old long syne my Jo,
- My Jo Janet (traditional Scottish song)
- Keek into the draw-well, Janet, Janet;
There ye'll see your bonnie sel',
My jo, Janet.
- Keek into the draw-well, Janet, Janet;
- 1711, traditional, published by James Watson, Old Long Syne:
Alternative forms
- joe
Etymology 2
Japanese 杖
Noun
jo (plural jo)
- The staff used in the Japanese martial art of jodo or jojutsu.
Anagrams
- OJ
Albanian
Etymology
From earlier jae[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jɔ/
Audio (file)
Determiner
jo
- negates non-verbal phrases: no, not
Synonyms
- nouk (Gostivar)
See also
- mos
- nuk
- s'
References
- Mann, S. E. (1957). An English-Albanian Dictionary. University Press. page 179
Basque
Etymology
Unknown.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): (Southern) /xo/, [xo̞]
- IPA(key): (Northern) /jo/, [jo̞]
Verb
jo ? (present participle jotzen, future participle joko, short form jo, verbal noun jotze)
- to hit, strike, punch
- (music) to play
- Gitarra jo nahi dut. ― I want to play the guitar.
- to knock, rap
- Gizon itsusi batek etxeko atea jo du. ― An ugly man knocked on the door.
- to crash
- to head, go
- to blow (the wind)
- Synonym: ibili
Further reading
- "jo" in Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia [Dictionary of the Basque Academy], euskaltzaindia.eus
- “jo” in Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia [General Basque Dictionary], euskaltzaindia.eus
Bavarian
Etymology
Cognate with Icelandic jú, Swedish jo. Equivalent to standard High German doch.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /joː/
Particle
jo
- yes (in response to a negative question).
- Woids es ned na fuat heid? Jo, owa's wedda is a weng schlecht.
- Wolltet ihr nicht noch heute furt? Doch, aber das Wetter is etwas schlecht.
Catalan
Etymology
Inherited from Old Catalan jo~io~yo, from Vulgar Latin eo (attested from the sixth century), from Latin ego, from Proto-Italic *egō, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂; akin to Greek εγώ (egó), Sanskrit अहम् (aham), all from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Compare Occitan jo, Spanish yo, French je, Italian io.
Pronunciation
- (Central) IPA(key): /ˈʒɔ/
- (Valencian) IPA(key): /ˈjo/, /ˈjɔ/
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -o, -ɔ
Pronoun
jo (strong)
- I
- (after certain prepositions) me
Declension
strong/subject | weak (direct object) | weak (indirect object) | possessive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | proclitic | enclitic | proclitic | enclitic | ||||
1st person | jo, mi3 | em, m’ | -me, ’m | em, m’ | -me, ’m | meu | ||
1st person majestic1 | nós | ens | -nos, ’ns | ens | -nos, ’ns | nostre | ||
2nd person | tu | et, t’ | -te, ’t | et, t’ | -te, ’t | teu | ||
2nd person formal1 | vós | us | -vos, -us | us | -vos, -us | vostre | ||
2nd person very formal2 | vostè | el, l’ | -lo, ’l | li | -li | seu | ||
3rd person masculine | ell | el, l’ | -lo, ’l | li | -li | seu | ||
3rd person feminine | ella | la, l’4 | -la | li | -li | seu | ||
3rd person neuter | ho | -ho | li | -li | seu | |||
3rd person reflexive | si | es, s’ | -se, ’s | es, s’ | -se, ’s | seu | ||
plural | ||||||||
1st person | nosaltres | ens | -nos, ’ns | ens | -nos, ’ns | nostre | ||
2nd person | vosaltres | us | -vos, -us | us | -vos, -us | vostre | ||
2nd person formal2 | vostès | els | -los, ’ls | els | -los, ’ls | seu | ||
3rd person masculine | ells | els | -los, ’ls | els | -los, ’ls | seu | ||
3rd person feminine | elles | les | -les | els | -los, ’ls | seu | ||
3rd person reflexive | si | es, s’ | -se, ’s | es, s’ | -se, ’s | seu | ||
adverbial | ||||||||
ablative/genitive | en, n’ | -ne, ’n | ||||||
locative | hi | -hi | ||||||
1) Behaves grammatically as plural. 2) Behaves grammatically as third person. | 3) Only as object of a preposition. 4) Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-. |
Synonyms
- mi (after most prepositions)
Noun
jo m (uncountable)
- ego (the self)
- Synonym: ego
References
- “jo” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
- “jo”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2023
- “jo” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- “jo” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
Czech
Etymology
Compare Polish jo.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈjo]
Audio (file)
Particle
jo
- (colloquial) yeah, yep
Synonyms
- ano
Antonyms
- ne
Further reading
- jo in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
- jo in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
Dalmatian
Etymology
From Latin ubi. Compare Romanian iuo, Italian ove, French où, Old Spanish o.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jo/
Adverb
jo
- where
Danish
Etymology 1
Borrowed from Middle Low German jo. Used like Swedish ju, German ja (adverb) / je (conjunction).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [jo] (unstressed in context)
Adverb
jo
- as you know or should know; sometimes vaguely translatable as after all or obviously
- 2015, Henriette E. Møller, Jelne, Gyldendal A/S, →ISBN:
- Jeg ved ikke, hvad de talte om, hendes sind blev så mørkt, jeg kunne jo ikke rigtigt snakke med hende.
- I do not know of what they spoke, her mind became so dark, I could not really talk with her, as you should be able to see.
- 2009, Sven Arvid Birkeland, I krigens kølvand: danske skæbner efter 2. verdenskrig, Gyldendal A/S, →ISBN, page 479:
- Han gik jo ikke i krig i håb om, at det skulle blive den store sejr
- After all, he did not go to war in the hopes of achieving great victory.
- 2016, Anita Krumbach; Dorte Lilmose; Hanne Kvist; Helle Perrier; Iben Mondrup, Det du ikke ved: Noveller for unge, Gyldendal A/S, →ISBN:
- Jeg mener, at selv ens eget navn eller alder KAN man jo ikke være 100 procent sikker på er Dennis/17, vel?
- I mean, one obviously cannot even be 100% sure that one's own name or age are Dennis and 17, can one?
-
Conjunction
jo
- the
- Jo mere jeg løber, desto trættere bliver jeg.
- The more I run, the more tired I become.
- Jo mere jeg løber, desto trættere bliver jeg.
Usage notes
jo ... desto ..., jo ... des ... are common constructions.
Etymology 2
From Old Norse jaur.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈjɔʊ̯ˀ]
Interjection
jo
- yes (used to contradict a negative statement or negatively phrased question) (often followed by I do, he is, etc. in English to indicate contradiction rather than affirmation); identical in usage to the French si. Contrasts with ja which confirms positive statements or positively phrased questions.
- Du elsker mig ikke, gør du vel? — Jo!
- You don't love me, do you? — Yes, I do!
- Jeg har ikke gjort noget! — Jo!
- I didn't do anything! — Yes, you did!
Usage notes
Negatively phrased questions like Kommer du ikke?, Du kommer ikke, vel?, Du kommer ikke? ("Are you not coming?", "You are not coming, are you?", "You are not coming?") must be answered with jo to indicate that the speaker is, in fact, coming; they cannot be answered with ja ("yes").
References
- “jo” in Den Danske Ordbog
Dutch
Etymology
From English yo.
Interjection
jo
- hi
- Ey! - Jo! - Hey! - Hi!
- bye
- Later! - Jo! - Later! - Bye!
- you too
- Fijn weekend! - Jo! - Have a nice weekend! - You too!
Esperanto
Pronunciation
Audio (file)
- IPA(key): [jo]
- Hyphenation: jo
Noun
jo (accusative singular jo-on, plural jo-oj, accusative plural jo-ojn)
- The name of the Latin-script letter J.
See also
- (Latin-script letter names) litero; a, bo, co, ĉo, do, e, fo, go, ĝo, ho, ĥo, i, jo, ĵo, ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, ŝo, to, u, ŭo, vo, zo
Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *jo, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *ju, compare Gothic 𐌾𐌿 (ju, “already”), Old High German ju (“already”). Cognates include Estonian ju, Votic jo, Veps jo, Ingrian jo, Karelian jo. (EES).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈjo/, [ˈjo̞]
- Rhymes: -o
- Syllabification(key): jo
Adverb
jo
- already (prior to some time; so soon)
- Luin kirjan jo loppuun.
- I already finished the book.
- now, already (emphasizing word)
- (impatiently) Tule jo!
- Come now!
- (impatiently) Tule jo!
Derived terms
- jopa
- joko
- johan
Friulian
Etymology
From Vulgar Latin eo (attested from the 6th century), from Latin ego.; akin to Greek εγώ (egó), Sanskrit अहम् (aham), all from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.
Pronoun
jo
- I
See also
singular | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
1st person | jo | nô | |
2nd person | familiar | tu | vô |
polite | lui, jê | lôr | |
3rd person | m | lui, | lôr |
f | jê | lôr |
German
Alternative forms
- joa, jö
Etymology 1
Alteration of ja (“yes”) or the respective dialectal cognates. Compare English yo.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jɔː/
Interjection
jo
- (colloquial, dialectal) yes, yeah, well; expresses agreement in a hesitant or ponderous manner.
Etymology 2
From the respective dialectal words for yes in about half of Northern and Central Germany and all of Western Germany (compare Low German ja, jo). Possibly from Proto-Germanic *ja (“yes, thus, so”), possibly from an unrecorded root. The form with /oː/ must have existed in the Middle Ages already, since the word often partakes in the same sound shifts as words with /oː/ from other sources, cf. Swedish jo, Middle English yo (> English yo).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /joː/
Interjection
jo
- (colloquial) yes; expresses firm agreement.
Derived terms
- johlen
Ingrian
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *jo. Cognates include Finnish jo and Estonian ju.
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈjo/, [ˈjo̞]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈjo/, [ˈjo̞]
- Rhymes: -o
- Hyphenation: jo
Adverb
jo
- already
- 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 25:
- Kiko ja Miko jo uijuut.
- Kiko and Miko are already swimming.
-
- Emphasises the sentence.
- 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 64:
- Jo nyt mahan lukkia.
- Now I can read.
-
References
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 105
Italian
Pronoun
jo
- (obsolete) Alternative form of io
Japanese
Romanization
jo
- Rōmaji transcription of じょ
- Rōmaji transcription of ジョ
- Rōmaji transcription of ぢょ
- Rōmaji transcription of ヂョ
Karelian
Adverb
jo
- already
Kashubian
Etymology
From German jo.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jɔ/
Interjection
jo
- yes
- Jo, mògã to zrobic. ― Yes, I can do it.
Konabéré
Pronunciation
- (Kouka) IPA(key): /ɟō/
- (Tansilla Toma) IPA(key): /ɟû/
Noun
jo
- water
Alternative forms
- zo
Further reading
- Beatrice Tiendrébéogo, Rapport Sociolinguistique sur la Langue Bobo Madaré (SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2007-005: 55), page 44
- Chiara Alfieri, Bernard Taverne, Ethnophysiologie, règles et précautions chez les Bobo Madare et les Mossi
Lashi
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡ʑo/, /d͡ʑɔ/
Verb
jo
- to be
- to exist
References
- Hkaw Luk (2017) A grammatical sketch of Lacid, Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis)
Latvian
Conjunction
jo
- because
- for
Particle
jo
- the... the...
- jo vairāk naudas, jo labāk ― the more money the better
Lithuanian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [jo]
Determiner
jo
- his (3rd person singular masculine possessive)
Pronoun
jo m
- (third-person singular) genitive form of jis.
Particle
jo
- (colloquial) yes
Livonian
Alternative forms
- juo
Etymology 1
Perhaps borrowed from Latvian jo (“because, yet (more)”), /juo/.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jo/
Preposition
jo
- more; used with adjectives to form comparatives
- Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
- pitkā, jo pitkā
- long, longer
- pitkā, jo pitkā
- Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Etymology 2
Perhaps borrowed from Latvian jau (“yet, already, after all”). However, compare also Finnish jo (“already”), thus ultimately a common Finnic borrowing from Proto-Germanic *ju that has likely been contaminated by the more figurative senses of Latvian jau, with the latter ultimately a distant cognate of the initial Germanic borrowing.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jo/
Preposition
jo
- yet, already, after all
- Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
- mōnigļikizt, ne jo lǟbõd mōzõ
- bumblebees, they are already migrating to their burrows (lit. "going inside of earth")
- amād jo ītist äb peļļõt
- not everyone makes the same [amount of money] (lit. "everyone after all doesn't earn the same")
- mōnigļikizt, ne jo lǟbõd mōzõ
- Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Usage notes
- LĒL only lists jo without listing any instances of juo. Livonian-Latvian-Livonian dictionary, in turn, only lists juo for the comparative forming preposition sense.
- LĒL doesn't explicitly list the second sense that seems to exactly mirror Latvian jau (including the more figurative applications.) Such a function, however, is inferred from the many usage examples available in the dictionary. As a translation of Latvian jau (strictly in its temporal sense) LĒL lists jõbā (“already”), cf. Estonian juba.
Lower Sorbian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [jɔ]
Particle
jo
- yes (word used to show agreement or acceptance)
Verb
jo
- third-person singular present of byś
Pronoun
jo
- accusative of wóno
Alternative forms
- njo (after preposition)
Further reading
- Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928), “jo”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
- Starosta, Manfred (1999), “jo”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag
Luxembourgish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jo/, [joː]
- Rhymes: -oː
- Homophone: Jo
audio (file)
Adverb
jo
- yes
See also
- dach
Verb
jo
- second-person singular imperative of joen
Maquiritari
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [hʷo]
Postposition
jo
- (with following directional suffix -nno) indicates a point of origin
Usage notes
This postposition also infrequently occurs without -nno, in which case it is not clear whether it inflects at all and its meaning is difficult to determine.
References
- Cáceres, Natalia (2011) Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana, Lyon, page 277–278
Murui Huitoto
Etymology
From Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina *ho.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [hɔ]
Root
jo
- house
Derived terms
- jofo
References
- Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia., Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 127
North Frisian
Alternative forms
- djo (Helgoland)
- ja (Sylt and Mooring)
Etymology
Compare West Frisian hja.
Pronoun
jo
- they
Northern Sami
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Adverb
jo
- already
- now
Further reading
- Koponen, Eino; Ruppel, Klaas; Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008) Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages, Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
Norwegian Bokmål
Pronunciation
Audio (file)
Etymology 1
From Old Norse jaur.
Adverb
jo
- yes; in disagreement with the last speaker's negative statement.
- Du har ikke pusset tennene vel? - Jo, det har jeg.
- You haven't brushed your teeth, have you? - Yes, I have.
- yes or no; expressing doubt. (colloquial)
- Vil du være med? - Jo...
- Do you want to join? - I'm not sure...
Usage notes
Ja can be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to. Jo is used instead of ja if this agreement could cause ambiguity. In example 1, agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As such ja would be ambiguous. The answer jo removes the possibility of agreement with the speaker.
Related terms
- jojo
- joda
Etymology 2
From Old Norse gjóðr.
Noun
jo m (definite singular joen, indefinite plural joer, definite plural joene)
- a skua, seabird of family Stercorariidae.
Derived terms
- storjo
References
- “jo” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
- “jo_1” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
- “jo_2” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
Norwegian Nynorsk
Etymology 1
From Old Norse jaur.
Alternative forms
- jau
Adverb
jo
- yes; in disagreement with the last speaker's negative statement.
- yes or no; expressing doubt. (colloquial)
Usage notes
As for Bokmål above.
Related terms
- jojo
Etymology 2
From Old Norse gjóðr.
Noun
jo m (definite singular joen, indefinite plural joar, definite plural joane)
- a skua, seabird of family Stercorariidae.
Derived terms
- storjo
References
- “jo” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Occitan
Alternative forms
- ieu
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʒu/, /ju/
Etymology 1
From Old Occitan eu, from Vulgar Latin eo (attested from the 6th century in Romance), from Latin ego. Compare Catalan jo, Old French jeo.
Pronoun
jo
- (Gascony) I
Etymology 2
From Old Occitan (compare Catalan jou), from Latin jugum, iugum (compare French joug, Italian giogo), from Proto-Italic *jugom, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.
Noun
jo m
- yoke
Old French
Pronoun
jo
- Alternative form of je
Old Frisian
Pronoun
jō
- Alternative form of jū, accusative/dative of jī
Inflection
singular | plural | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd m | 3rd f | 3rd n | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
nominative | ik | thū | hī | hiū, hiō | hit | wī | jī | hiā |
accusative | mī | thī | hine | hiā | hit | ūs | jū, jō | hiā |
dative | mī | thī | him | hire, hiāre | him | ūs | jū, jō | him, hirem, hiārem |
genitive | mīn | thīn | sīn | hire, hiāre | sīn | ūser | jūwer | hira, hiāra |
Plautdietsch
Adverb
jo
- yes
Polish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jɔ/
- Rhymes: -ɔ
- Syllabification: jo
Etymology 1
From Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ.
Pronoun
jo
- (dialectal) Alternative form of ja (“I”)
Etymology 2
Borrowed from German jo.
Particle
jo
- (colloquial or dialectal) yeah, yep
- Synonyms: tak, ano, no, hej
- Antonym: nie
Further reading
- jo in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- jo in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Saterland Frisian
Etymology
From Old Frisian hiā. Cognates include West Frisian hja and North Frisian jo.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /joː/
- Hyphenation: jo
- Rhymes: -oː
Pronoun
jo (oblique hier)
- they
See also
singular | plural | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd m | 3rd f | 3rd n | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
stressed | iek | du | hie | ju | dät | wie | jie | jo |
unstressed | er | ze | et | ze | ||||
objective | mie | die | him | hier | dät | uus | jou | hier |
References
- Marron C. Fort (2015), “jo”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN
Silesian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.
Pronoun
jo
- I
Spanish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxo/ [ˈxo]
- Rhymes: -o
- Syllabification: jo
Interjection
¡jo!
- stop, woah (especially when commanding a horse or imitative thereof)
Derived terms
- jo, jo, jo
Etymology 2
Euphemistic clipping of joder (“fuck”).
Interjection
¡jo!
- (euphemistic) Used to express surprise, amazement, or confusion
- ¡Jo! ― I never heard anything like that before. / Are you serious? / Boy!
Further reading
- “jo”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Swahili
Etymology
Possibly from English yo.
Pronunciation
Audio (Kenya) (file)
Interjection
jo
- (Sheng) added for emphasis to the end of a sentence
- Manze jo! ― Oh man!
Swedish
Etymology
From Old Norse jaur.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /juː/
Interjection
jo
- yes; used as a disagreement to a negative statement or a negatively phrased question.
- Du har inte borstat tänderna, eller hur? - Jo, det har jag.
- You haven't brushed your teeth, have you? - Yes, I have.
Usage notes
- Sometimes used to mean yes more generally, in a similar vein to jodå. See the usage notes for that interjection.
- Ja (yes) can be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to. Jo is used instead of ja if this agreement could cause ambiguity. In the example above agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As such ja would be ambiguous. The answer jo removes the possibility of agreement with the speaker. In Swedish dialects spoken in northern Sweden and Finland, it is however not uncommon for the word jo to be used in place of ja in all cases, at least in spoken language.
See also
- jodå
- jovars
Anagrams
- oj
Veps
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *jo.
Adverb
jo
- already
References
- Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “уж, уже”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary], Petrozavodsk: Periodika
Votic
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *jo.
Pronunciation
- (Luuditsa, Liivtšülä) IPA(key): /ˈʝo/, [ˈʝo]
- Rhymes: -o
- Hyphenation: jo
Adverb
jo
- already
- (with negative) any more
Particle
jo
- An emphatic intensifying particle.
References
- V. Hallap, E. Adler, S. Grünberg, M. Leppik (2012), “jo”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2 edition, Tallinn
West Frisian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /joː/
- (unstressed) IPA(key): /jə/
Etymology 1
From Old Frisian jū, from Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.
Pronoun
jo
- you (second person singular nominative formal pronoun)
Usage notes
Though it is a singular pronoun, jo takes the plural conjugation of verbs.
Inflection
Number | Person | Nominative | Objective | Possessive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Reflexive | Determiner | Pronoun | ||||
Singular | First | ik | my | mysels | myn | mines | |
Second | Informal | do/dû1 | dy | dysels | dyn | dines | |
Formal | jo | jo | josels | jo | jowes | ||
Third | Masculine | hy | him | himsels | syn | sines | |
Feminine | sy/hja1 | har | harsels | har | harres | ||
Neuter | it | it | himsels | syn | sines | ||
Plural | First | wy | ús | ússels | ús | uzes | |
Second | jim(me) | jim(me) | jimsels/jinsels | jim(me) | jimmes | ||
Third | sy/hja1 | har(ren) | harsels | har(ren) | harres | ||
1. Now mostly archaic and unused |
Further reading
- “jo”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
Etymology 2
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Determiner
jo
- your (second-person singular formal possessive determiner)
Further reading
- “jo”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
Yoruba
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡ʒó/
Verb
jó
- (intransitive) to dance
Derived terms
- àlùjó
- ijó (“dance”)
- jójó (“to dance [a dance]”)
Etymology 2
Possibly from Proto-Yoruboid *jó or Proto-Yoruboid *d͡ʒó, cognate with Igala jó
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡ʒó/
Verb
jó
- (ergative) to burn
- (transitive) to sting; to irritate
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡ʒò/
Verb
jò
- to drip
Derived terms
- ìjòdànù (“leakage”)
- jíjò (“leaking”)
- òjò (“rain”)