-izo
Latin
Etymology
Borrowed from Ancient Greek -ίζω (-ízō). At first limited to borrowings from Greek, but later became a productive suffix from Late Latin onwards. Also found in the more 'vulgar' form -idiō, which was inherited into Romance.
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈiz.zoː/, [ˈɪz̪d̪͡z̪oː]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈid.d͡zo/, [ˈid̪ː͡z̪o]
Suffix
-izō (present infinitive -izāre, perfect active -izāvī, supine -izātum); first conjugation
- (Late Latin, Medieval Latin, New Latin) Used to form verbs from nouns and adjectives.
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -izō (first conjugation) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -izō | -izās | -izat | -izāmus | -izātis | -izant |
| imperfect | -izābam | -izābās | -izābat | -izābāmus | -izābātis | -izābant | |
| future | -izābō | -izābis | -izābit | -izābimus | -izābitis | -izābunt | |
| perfect | -izāvī | -izāvistī | -izāvit | -izāvimus | -izāvistis | -izāvērunt, -izāvēre | |
| pluperfect | -izāveram | -izāverās | -izāverat | -izāverāmus | -izāverātis | -izāverant | |
| future perfect | -izāverō | -izāveris | -izāverit | -izāverimus | -izāveritis | -izāverint | |
| sigmatic future1 | -izāssō | -izāssis | -izāssit | -izāssimus | -izāssitis | -izāssint | |
| passive | present | -izor | -izāris, -izāre | -izātur | -izāmur | -izāminī | -izantur |
| imperfect | -izābar | -izābāris, -izābāre | -izābātur | -izābāmur | -izābāminī | -izābantur | |
| future | -izābor | -izāberis, -izābere | -izābitur | -izābimur | -izābiminī | -izābuntur | |
| perfect | -izātus + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -izātus + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
| future perfect | -izātus + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
| sigmatic future1 | -izāssor | -izāsseris | -izāssitur | — | — | — | |
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -izem | -izēs | -izet | -izēmus | -izētis | -izent |
| imperfect | -izārem | -izārēs | -izāret | -izārēmus | -izārētis | -izārent | |
| perfect | -izāverim | -izāverīs | -izāverit | -izāverīmus | -izāverītis | -izāverint | |
| pluperfect | -izāvissem | -izāvissēs | -izāvisset | -izāvissēmus | -izāvissētis | -izāvissent | |
| sigmatic aorist1 | -izāssim | -izāssīs | -izāssīt | -izāssīmus | -izāssītis | -izāssint | |
| passive | present | -izer | -izēris, -izēre | -izētur | -izēmur | -izēminī | -izentur |
| imperfect | -izārer | -izārēris, -izārēre | -izārētur | -izārēmur | -izārēminī | -izārentur | |
| perfect | -izātus + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -izātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | — | -izā | — | — | -izāte | — |
| future | — | -izātō | -izātō | — | -izātōte | -izantō | |
| passive | present | — | -izāre | — | — | -izāminī | — |
| future | — | -izātor | -izātor | — | — | -izantor | |
| non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
| present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
| infinitives | -izāre | -izāvisse | -izātūrum esse | -izārī, -izārier2 | -izātum esse | -izātum īrī | |
| participles | -izāns | — | -izātūrus | — | -izātus | -izandus | |
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
| genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
| -izandī | -izandō | -izandum | -izandō | -izātum | -izātū | ||
1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
2The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.
Derived terms
Descendants
- → Catalan: -itzar
- → Italian: -izzare
- → Hungarian: -izál
- → Middle French: -iser
- French: -iser
- → English: -ize, -ise
- → German: -isieren
- → Dutch: -iseren
- → Romansch: -iza
- → Occitan: -izar
- → Portuguese: -izar
- → Romanian: -iza
- → Sicilian: -izzari
- → Spanish: -izar
Spanish
Etymology
Inherited from Latin -īcius. Compare Portuguese -iço, Catalan -ís.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): (Spain) /ˈiθo/ [ˈi.θo]
- IPA(key): (Latin America) /ˈiso/ [ˈi.so]
- (Spain) Rhymes: -iθo
- (Latin America) Rhymes: -iso
- Syllabification: -i‧zo
Suffix
-izo (feminine -iza, masculine plural -izos, feminine plural -izas)
- forms adjectives from other adjectives, nouns, and verbs usually denoting propensity or likeness
- enfermo (“sick”) + -izo → enfermizo (“sickly”)
- rojo (“red”) + -izo → rojizo (“reddish”)
- cobre (“copper”) + -izo → cobrizo (“copper (colored)”)
Derived terms
Further reading
- “-izo”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014