iuro
Latin
Alternative forms
- jūrō
Etymology
From Old Latin iovesō, from Proto-Italic *jowezāō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yew-.
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈi̯uː.roː/, [ˈi̯uːroː]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈju.ro/, [ˈjuːro]
Verb
iūrō (present infinitive iūrāre, perfect active iūrāvī, supine iūrātum); first conjugation
- I swear an oath; I vow.
Conjugation
| Conjugation of iūrō (first conjugation) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | iūrō | iūrās | iūrat | iūrāmus | iūrātis | iūrant |
| imperfect | iūrābam | iūrābās | iūrābat | iūrābāmus | iūrābātis | iūrābant | |
| future | iūrābō | iūrābis | iūrābit | iūrābimus | iūrābitis | iūrābunt | |
| perfect | iūrāvī | iūrāvistī | iūrāvit | iūrāvimus | iūrāvistis | iūrāvērunt, iūrāvēre | |
| pluperfect | iūrāveram | iūrāverās | iūrāverat | iūrāverāmus | iūrāverātis | iūrāverant | |
| future perfect | iūrāverō | iūrāveris | iūrāverit | iūrāverimus | iūrāveritis | iūrāverint | |
| sigmatic future1 | iūrāssō | iūrāssis | iūrāssit | iūrāssimus | iūrāssitis | iūrāssint | |
| passive | present | iūror | iūrāris, iūrāre | iūrātur | iūrāmur | iūrāminī | iūrantur |
| imperfect | iūrābar | iūrābāris, iūrābāre | iūrābātur | iūrābāmur | iūrābāminī | iūrābantur | |
| future | iūrābor | iūrāberis, iūrābere | iūrābitur | iūrābimur | iūrābiminī | iūrābuntur | |
| perfect | iūrātus + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | iūrātus + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
| future perfect | iūrātus + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | iūrem | iūrēs | iūret | iūrēmus | iūrētis | iūrent |
| imperfect | iūrārem | iūrārēs | iūrāret | iūrārēmus | iūrārētis | iūrārent | |
| perfect | iūrāverim | iūrāverīs | iūrāverit | iūrāverīmus | iūrāverītis | iūrāverint | |
| pluperfect | iūrāvissem | iūrāvissēs | iūrāvisset | iūrāvissēmus | iūrāvissētis | iūrāvissent | |
| sigmatic aorist1 | iūrāssim | iūrāssīs | iūrāssīt | iūrāssīmus | iūrāssītis | iūrāssint | |
| passive | present | iūrer | iūrēris, iūrēre | iūrētur | iūrēmur | iūrēminī | iūrentur |
| imperfect | iūrārer | iūrārēris, iūrārēre | iūrārētur | iūrārēmur | iūrārēminī | iūrārentur | |
| perfect | iūrātus + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | iūrātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | — | iūrā | — | — | iūrāte | — |
| future | — | iūrātō | iūrātō | — | iūrātōte | iūrantō | |
| passive | present | — | iūrāre | — | — | iūrāminī | — |
| future | — | iūrātor | iūrātor | — | — | iūrantor | |
| non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
| present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
| infinitives | iūrāre | iūrāvisse | iūrātūrum esse | iūrārī | iūrātum esse | iūrātum īrī | |
| participles | iūrāns | — | iūrātūrus | — | iūrātus | iūrandus | |
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
| genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
| iūrandī | iūrandō | iūrandum | iūrandō | iūrātum | iūrātū | ||
1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").
Derived terms
- abiurō
- adiūrō
- coniūrō
- dēierō
- dēiūrō
- ēierō
- ēiūrō
- exiūrō
- expēiūrō
- iūrāmentum
- pēierō
- pēiūrō
- perierō
- periūrō
Related terms
- iūs iūrandum
Descendants
- → Albanian: (për)gjëroj
- Aromanian: giur, giurari
- Asturian: xurar
- Catalan: jurar
- French: jurer
- Friulian: zurâ, ğurâ
- Friulian: xurar
- Italian: giurare
- Norman: juther (Jersey)
- Occitan: jurar
- Portuguese: jurar
- Romanian: jura, jurare
- Sardinian: giurài, giurare, zurare
- Sicilian: jurari
- Spanish: jurar
- Walloon: djurer
- Venetian: giurar, xurar, zurar
References
- “iuro”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- iuro in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
- Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book, London: Macmillan and Co.
- I swear on my conscience: ex animi mei sententia iuro
- to swear obedience to a law: in legem iurare (Sest. 16. 37)
- (ambiguous) to give the state a constitution: civitati leges, iudicia, iura describere
- (ambiguous) anarchy reigns supreme: omnia divina humanaque iura permiscentur (B. C. 1. 6. 8)
- (ambiguous) to trample all law under foot: omnia iura pervertere
- I swear on my conscience: ex animi mei sententia iuro