iubeo
Latin
Alternative forms
- jubeō
Etymology
From Old Latin ioubeō, from Proto-Italic *jouðejō, from Proto-Indo-European *Hyowdʰ-éye-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *Hyewdʰ-. Thus cognate with iūs and perhaps including the same elements of later iūstificō.
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈi̯u.be.oː/, [ˈi̯ʊbeoː]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈju.be.o/, [ˈjuːbeo]
Audio (Classical) (file)
Verb
iubeō (present infinitive iubēre, perfect active iussī, supine iussum); second conjugation
- (Old Latin, Classical Latin) to authorize, to legitimate, to make lawful, to homologate, to pass (a bill or law)
- c. 200 BCE, Plautus, Menaechmi 1028–1030:
- MESS. Sic sine igitur, si tuom negas me esse, abire liberum.
MEN. Mea quidem hercle causa liber esto atque ito quo voles.
MESS. Nempe iubes?
MEN. Iubeo hercle, si quid imperi est in te mihi.- MESS. Very well then, sir, if you say I'm not yours, let me go free.
MEN. Lord, man, be free so far as I am concerned, and go where you like.
MESS. Those are your orders, really?
MEN. Lord, yes I order it, if I have any authority over you.
- MESS. Very well then, sir, if you say I'm not yours, let me go free.
- MESS. Sic sine igitur, si tuom negas me esse, abire liberum.
- to bid, to command, to order
- Synonyms: imperō, praecipiō, praescrībō, ēdīcō, mandō, iniungō, dictō, indīcō, pōnō
- Cūr nōn illam hūc trānsferrī iubēs? :
- why don't you command her to be brought over hither?
Conjugation
| Conjugation of iubeō (second conjugation) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | iubeō | iubēs | iubet | iubēmus | iubētis | iubent |
| imperfect | iubēbam | iubēbās | iubēbat | iubēbāmus | iubēbātis | iubēbant | |
| future | iubēbō | iubēbis | iubēbit | iubēbimus | iubēbitis | iubēbunt | |
| perfect | iussī | iussistī | iussit | iussimus | iussistis | iussērunt, iussēre | |
| pluperfect | iusseram | iusserās | iusserat | iusserāmus | iusserātis | iusserant | |
| future perfect | iusserō | iusseris | iusserit | iusserimus | iusseritis | iusserint | |
| sigmatic future1 | iussō | iussis | iussit | iussimus | iussitis | iussint | |
| passive | present | iubeor | iubēris, iubēre | iubētur | iubēmur | iubēminī | iubentur |
| imperfect | iubēbar | iubēbāris, iubēbāre | iubēbātur | iubēbāmur | iubēbāminī | iubēbantur | |
| future | iubēbor | iubēberis, iubēbere | iubēbitur | iubēbimur | iubēbiminī | iubēbuntur | |
| perfect | iussus + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | iussus + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
| future perfect | iussus + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
| sigmatic future1 | iussor | iusseris | iussitur | — | — | — | |
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | iubeam | iubeās | iubeat | iubeāmus | iubeātis | iubeant |
| imperfect | iubērem | iubērēs | iubēret | iubērēmus | iubērētis | iubērent | |
| perfect | iusserim | iusserīs | iusserit | iusserīmus | iusserītis | iusserint | |
| pluperfect | iussissem | iussissēs | iussisset | iussissēmus | iussissētis | iussissent | |
| sigmatic aorist1 | iussim | iussīs | iussīt | iussīmus | iussītis | iussint | |
| passive | present | iubear | iubeāris, iubeāre | iubeātur | iubeāmur | iubeāminī | iubeantur |
| imperfect | iubērer | iubērēris, iubērēre | iubērētur | iubērēmur | iubērēminī | iubērentur | |
| perfect | iussus + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | iussus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | — | iubē | — | — | iubēte | — |
| future | — | iubētō | iubētō | — | iubētōte | iubentō | |
| passive | present | — | iubēre | — | — | iubēminī | — |
| future | — | iubētor | iubētor | — | — | iubentor | |
| non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
| present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
| infinitives | iubēre | iussisse | iussūrum esse | iubērī | iussum esse | iussum īrī | |
| participles | iubēns | — | iussūrus | — | iussus | iubendus | |
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
| genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
| iubendī | iubendō | iubendum | iubendō | iussum | iussū | ||
1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
Synonyms
- imperō, mandō, praecipiō
Derived terms
- iussiō
- iussus
References
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
- “iubeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- iubeo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
- Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book, London: Macmillan and Co.
- he is a young man of great promise: adulescens alios bene de se sperare iubet, bonam spem ostendit or alii de adulescente bene sperare possunt
- to let those present fix any subject they like for discussion: ponere iubere, qua de re quis audire velit (Fin. 2. 1. 1)
- to greet a person: aliquem salvere iubere (Att. 4. 14)
- I bid you good-bye, take my leave: te valere iubeo
- to separate from, divorce (of the man): aliquam suas res sibi habere iubere (Phil. 2. 28. 69)
- to reject a bill: legem antiquare (opp. accipere, iubere)
- to ratify a law (used of the people): legem iubere
- to declare a law valid: legem ratam esse iubere
- the law orders, forbids (expressly, distinctly): lex iubet, vetat (dilucide, planissime)
- to banish a man from his native land: e patria exire iubere aliquem
- the senate decreed (and the people ratified the decree) that..: senatus decrevit (populusque iussit) ut
- good luck to you: macte virtute (esto or te esse iubeo)
- he is a young man of great promise: adulescens alios bene de se sperare iubet, bonam spem ostendit or alii de adulescente bene sperare possunt
- Willi, Andreas (2001), “Lateinisch iubēre, griechisch εὐϑύς und ein indogermanisches Rechtskonzept”, in Historische Sprachforschung (in German), volume 114, issue 1. H., DOI:, pages 117–146