-ir
See also: Appendix:Variations of "ir"
Catalan
Etymology
From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs, which merged with -ēscere, -īscere, from which come the -eix- infix.
Pronunciation
- (Balearic, Central) IPA(key): /ˈi/
- (Valencian) IPA(key): /ˈiɾ/
Suffix
-ir
- A verb ending for infinitives.
Conjugation
Conjugation of -ir (third conjugation with -eix- infix)
| infinitive | -ir | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present participle | -int | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | -it | -ida | |||||
| plural | -its | -ides | |||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè | nosaltres nós | vosaltres vós | ells/elles vostès | |
| present | -eixo | -eixes | -eix | -im | -iu | -eixen | |
| imperfect | -ia | -ies | -ia | -íem | -íeu | -ien | |
| future | -iré | -iràs | -irà | -irem | -ireu | -iran | |
| preterite | -í | -ires | -í | -írem | -íreu | -iren | |
| conditional | -iria | -iries | -iria | -iríem | -iríeu | -irien | |
| subjunctive | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè | nosaltres nós | vosaltres vós | ells/elles vostès | |
| present | -eixi | -eixis | -eixi | -im | -iu | -eixin | |
| imperfect | -ís | -issis | -ís | -íssim | -íssiu | -issin | |
| imperative | — | tu | vostè | nosaltres | vosaltres vós | vostès | |
| — | -eix | -eixi | -im | -iu | -eixin | ||
Derived terms
Catalan terms suffixed with -ir
Further reading
- “-ir”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2023
French
Etymology
From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs. Cognate with Spanish -ir, Italian -ire, Romanian -i and -î, etc.
Pronunciation
Audio (file)
Suffix
-ir
- (non-productive) forms the infinitives of many verbs
Usage notes
- Most verbs with infinitives in -ir are marked by the once-inchoative infix -iss- in many parts of their conjugation, as well as in various derived words; two such verbs are choisir (“to choose”) and pourrir (“to rot”). A fair number of these have English counterparts in -ish; some such examples are finir (“to finish”), nourrir (“to feed, to nourish”), accomplir (“to accomplish”), and polir (“to polish”).
- Many verbs with infinitives in -ir have an inchoative meaning. Examples include blanchir (“to whiten, to bleach, to make whiter, to become pale”), durcir (“to harden, to make more rigid, to become stronger”), grandir (“to become bigger, to magnify, to make bigger”), rougir (“to redden, to blush, to become redder, to make redder”), and vieillir (“to age, to become older, to make older”).
- A sizable group of verbs have infinitives in -ir but do not use the infix -iss-, and are otherwise fairly regular; these include, among others, the common verbs sortir (“to go out, to take out”), partir (“to leave”), dormir (“to sleep”) (but these examples are also irregular, with sors instead of *sortis). An irregular -ir verb which is truly conjugated exactly as a regular -ir verb except only without the infix (although it is dated and has a regular alternative conjugation) is chauvir.
- This suffix is spelled -ïr on a few verbs where the previous syllable ends in a vowel, such as haïr (“to hate”) and ouïr (“to hear”). Additionally, it is spelled -ire on the verb maudire (“to curse”), by analogy with the related but irregular verb dire (“to say”), and the verb bruire.
- Not all verbs whose infinitives happen to end in these letters can truly be said to have this suffix; in particular, a fair number of irregular verbs have infinitives in the unrelated suffix -oir.
Conjugation
This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.
Conjugation of -ir (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | -ir | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | -issant /i.sɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | -i /i/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | -is /i/ | -is /i/ | -it /i/ | -issons /i.sɔ̃/ | -issez /i.se/ | -issent /is/ |
| imperfect | -issais /i.sɛ/ | -issais /i.sɛ/ | -issait /i.sɛ/ | -issions /i.sjɔ̃/ | -issiez /i.sje/ | -issaient /i.sɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | -is /i/ | -is /i/ | -it /i/ | -îmes /im/ | -îtes /it/ | -irent /iʁ/ | |
| future | -irai /i.ʁe/ | -iras /i.ʁa/ | -ira /i.ʁa/ | -irons /i.ʁɔ̃/ | -irez /i.ʁe/ | -iront /i.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | -irais /i.ʁɛ/ | -irais /i.ʁɛ/ | -irait /i.ʁɛ/ | -irions /i.ʁjɔ̃/ | -iriez /i.ʁje/ | -iraient /i.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) | present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | -isse /is/ | -isses /is/ | -isse /is/ | -issions /i.sjɔ̃/ | -issiez /i.sje/ | -issent /is/ |
| imperfect2 | -isse /is/ | -isses /is/ | -ît /i/ | -issions /i.sjɔ̃/ | -issiez /i.sje/ | -issent /is/ | |
| (compound tenses) | past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | -is /i/ | — | -issons /i.sɔ̃/ | -issez /i.se/ | — | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
See also
- -er
- -ire
- -oir
- -re
Ido
Etymology
Modeled after -ar and -is.
Suffix
-ir
- Used to denote the past infinitive of a verb.
- Me devas telefonir tu.
- I should have called you.
Related terms
- -ar (present infinitive tense)
- -or (future infinitive tense)
Occitan
Etymology
From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs, which merged with -ēscere, -īscere, from which come the -iss- and -isc- infix.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈi/
Suffix
-ir
- A verb ending for infinitives.
Conjugation
Conjugation of -ir in 
Lengadocian (Central Occitan)
Lengadocian (Central Occitan)| simple | compound | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | -ir | aver -it | |||||
| past participle | -it | — | |||||
| gerund | -issent | avent -it | |||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | ieu | tu | el | nosautres | vosautres | eles | |
| present | -issi | -isses | -ís | -issèm | -issètz | -isson | |
| imperfect | -issiái | -issiás | -issiá | -issiam | -issiatz | -issián | |
| preterite | -iguèri | -iguères | -iguèt | -iguèrem | -iguèretz | -iguèron | |
| future | -irai | -iràs | -irà | -irem | -iretz | -iràn | |
| conditional | -iriái | -iriás | -iriá | -iriam | -iriatz | -irián | |
| conditional 2nd form1 | -iguèra | -iguèras | -iguèra | -igueram | -igueratz | -iguèran | |
| compound tenses | present perfect | use the present tense of aver plus the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | use the imperfect tense of aver plus the past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | use the preterite tense of aver plus the past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | use the future tense of aver plus the past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | use the conditional tense of aver plus the past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que ieu | que tu | que el | que nosautres | que vosautres | que eles | |
| present | -isca | -iscas | -isca | -iscam | -iscatz | -iscan | |
| imperfect | -iguèsse | -iguèsses | -iguèsse | -iguèssem | -iguèssetz | -iguèsson | |
| compound tenses | past | use the present subjunctive of aver plus the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver plus the past participle | ||||||
| imperative | — | tu | — | nosautres | vosautres | — | |
| -ís | -iscam | -issetz | 1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects | ||||
Old French
Etymology
From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.
Suffix
-ir
- used to form infinitives of second conjugation verbs
See also
- Appendix:Old French verbs
- -er
Portuguese
Etymology
From Old Portuguese -ir, from Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs. In some verbs, it is a reflex of Latin -ere of the third conjugation.
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈi(ʁ)/ [ˈi(h)]
- (São Paulo) IPA(key): /ˈi(ɾ)/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): /ˈi(ʁ)/ [ˈi(χ)]
- (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈi(ɻ)/
- (Portugal) IPA(key): /ˈiɾ/
- (Caipira) IPA(key): /ˈi(ɻ)/
- (Nordestino) IPA(key): /ˈi(χ)/
- Homophone: -i (when pronounced without the -r)
Suffix
-ir (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -i, past participle -ido)
- (non-productive) forms the infinitive of the third-conjugation verbs
Conjugation
Conjugation of -ir (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First-person (eu) | Second-person (tu) | Third-person (ele / ela / você) | First-person (nós) | Second-person (vós) | Third-person (eles / elas / vocês) | |
| Infinitive | ||||||
| Impersonal | -ir | |||||
| Personal | -ir | -ires | -ir | -irmos | -irdes | -irem |
| Gerund | ||||||
| -indo | ||||||
| Past participle | ||||||
| Masculine | -ido | -idos | ||||
| Feminine | -ida | -idas | ||||
| Indicative | ||||||
| Present | -o | -es | -e | -imos | -is | -em |
| Imperfect | -ia | -ias | -ia | -íamos | -íeis | -iam |
| Preterite | -i | -iste | -iu | -imos | -istes | -iram |
| Pluperfect | -ira | -iras | -ira | -íramos | -íreis | -iram |
| Future | -irei | -irás | -irá | -iremos | -ireis | -irão |
| Conditional | ||||||
| -iria | -irias | -iria | -iríamos | -iríeis | -iriam | |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Present | -a | -as | -a | -amos | -ais | -am |
| Imperfect | -isse | -isses | -isse | -íssemos | -ísseis | -issem |
| Future | -ir | -ires | -ir | -irmos | -irdes | -irem |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Affirmative | -e | -a | -amos | -i | -am | |
| Negative (não) | não -as | não -a | não -amos | não -ais | não -am | |
Spanish
Etymology
From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.
Suffix
-ir (first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -í, past participle -ido)
- A verb ending for infinitives.
Conjugation
Below are the suffixes for the regular conjugation of -ir verb
Conjugation of -ir (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)
| infinitive | -ir | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | -iendo | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | -ido | -ida | |||||
| plural | -idos | -idas | |||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| indicative | yo | tú vos | él/ella/ello usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | -o | -estú -ísvos | -e | -imos | -ís | -en | |
| imperfect | -ía | -ías | -ía | -íamos | -íais | -ían | |
| preterite | -í | -iste | -ió | -imos | -isteis | -ieron | |
| future | -iré | -irás | -irá | -iremos | -iréis | -irán | |
| conditional | -iría | -irías | -iría | -iríamos | -iríais | -irían | |
| subjunctive | yo | tú vos | él/ella/ello usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | -a | -astú -ásvos2 | -a | -amos | -áis | -an | |
| imperfect (ra) | -iera | -ieras | -iera | -iéramos | -ierais | -ieran | |
| imperfect (se) | -iese | -ieses | -iese | -iésemos | -ieseis | -iesen | |
| future1 | -iere | -ieres | -iere | -iéremos | -iereis | -ieren | |
| imperative | — | tú vos | usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ustedes | |
| affirmative | -etú -ívos | -a | -amos | -id | -an | ||
| negative | no -as | no -a | no -amos | no -áis | no -an | ||
1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
2Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
See also
- -ar
- -er
Welsh
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɪr/
Suffix
-ir
- (literary) verb suffix for the impersonal present indicative/future
Usage notes
-ir causes i-affection of internal vowels, for example, canu (“to sing”) + -ir → cenir (“is sung, one sings, will be sung, one will sing”).
Derived terms
Welsh terms suffixed with -ir