-io
Esperanto
Etymology
From Latin -ia in country names.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈio]
- Rhymes: -io
- Hyphenation: i‧o
Suffix
-io
- a country named after the root, whether that is a people, person, city, or river
- japano (“a Japanese person”) + -io → Japanio (“Japan”)
- Kolumbo (“Columbus”) + -io → Kolumbio (“Colombia”)
- Romo (“Rome”) + -io → Romio (“the Roman Empire”)
- Niĝero (“the Niger River”) + -io → Niĝerio (“Nigeria”)
- Esperanto (“the Esperanto language”) + -io → Esperantio (“a notional Esperanto-speaking land”)
- a science named after its practitioner
- astronomo (“astronomer”) + -io → astronomio (“astronomy”)
- biologo (“biologist”) + -io → biologio (“biology”)
- kirurgo (“surgeon”) + -io → kirurgio (“surgery (branch of medicine)”)
Synonyms
- (country): -ujo for countries named after their inhabitants: Anglujo (“England”)
- (country): lando is also sometimes used for countries named after inhabitants: Svedlando = Svedio (“Sweden”)
- (science): scienco is used like a suffix with root words to form names of some sciences: vulkanoscienco = vulkanologio (“volcanology”)
Derived terms
Finnish
Etymology
From multiple sources, including extraction from words derived with -o from verb stems ending in -i, as well as from earlier and still dialectal -i(j)o, from -ja-i (for labial ai > o, compare plural forms of kala-type nouns), from -ja + -i.
Suffix
-io (front vowel harmony variant -iö)
- Forms nouns from verbs or verbal stems.
- itää (“to sprout”) + -io → itiö (“spore (of e.g. mushroom, moss)”)
- valita (“to choose”) + -io → valio (“elite, select”)
- Forms nouns from other nouns, adjectives, numbers or their stems.
- yksi (“one”) + -io → yksiö (“a one-room apartment”)
- kolme (“three”) + -io → kolmio (“a triangle; a yield sign”)
- neljä (“four”) + -io → neliö (“a square”); shorter form for a square meter
Declension
| Inflection of -io (Kotus type 3/valtio, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -io | -iot | |
| genitive | -ion | -ioiden -ioitten | |
| partitive | -iota | -ioita | |
| illative | -ioon | -ioihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -io | -iot | |
| accusative | nom. | -io | -iot |
| gen. | -ion | ||
| genitive | -ion | -ioiden -ioitten | |
| partitive | -iota | -ioita | |
| inessive | -iossa | -ioissa | |
| elative | -iosta | -ioista | |
| illative | -ioon | -ioihin | |
| adessive | -iolla | -ioilla | |
| ablative | -iolta | -ioilta | |
| allative | -iolle | -ioille | |
| essive | -iona | -ioina | |
| translative | -ioksi | -ioiksi | |
| instructive | — | -ioin | |
| abessive | -iotta | -ioitta | |
| comitative | — | -ioineen | |
| Possessive forms of -io (type valtio) | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | singular | plural |
| 1st person | -ioni | -iomme |
| 2nd person | -iosi | -ionne |
| 3rd person | -ionsa | |
Derived terms
Anagrams
- oi
Ido
Etymology
Borrowed from English -ia, French -ie, Italian -ia, Russian -ия (-ija), Spanish -ia, ultimately from Latin -ia, from Ancient Greek -ία (-ía).
Suffix
-io
- suffix denoting the country, region, domain, territory or province dependent upon the authority of a person
- duko (“duke; duchess”) + -io → dukio (“duchy”)
- episkopo (“bishop”) + -io → episkopio (“bishopric, diocese, episcopate”)
- paroko (“parish priest, rector”) + -io → parokio (“parish”)
- rejo (“sovereign, ruler, king, queen, monarch”) + -io → rejio (“kingdom”)
Usage notes
A common but false misconception is that countries that end with -ia in Ido, for example Albania, use this suffix when in fact it's part of the root itself. Though, -io at times can help shape country names to fit; Mexikia uses the extra i so not to be confused with Mexiko (“Mexico City”) at the same time resembling other country names.
Derived terms
Italian
Etymology 1
Unknown. Perhaps from Latin -ērium.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈi.o/
- Rhymes: -io
- Hyphenation: -ì‧o
Suffix
-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ii)
- used with verb roots to derive nouns with durative, intensive or frequentative connotation; -le
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Latin -īvus.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈi.o/
- Rhymes: -io
- Hyphenation: -ì‧o
Suffix
-io (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ia, masculine plural -ii, feminine plural -ie)
-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ii)
- (it, ivo):Alternative form of -ivo
Derived terms
Etymology 3
From Latin -ius.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jo/, /ˈi.o/
- Rhymes: -io
- Hyphenation: -io, -ì‧o
Suffix
-io (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ia, masculine plural -i or -ii, feminine plural -ie)
- added to nouns and adjectives to form adjectives meaning “having the quality of”; -y
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jo/ (stressed on the preceding syllable)
- Hyphenation: -io
Suffix
-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -i)
- (uncommon) used with verb roots to derive simple deverbal nouns
- sgravare (“to relieve, to lighten”) + -io → sgràvio (“relief, lightening”)
Derived terms
Etymology 5
Borrowed from New Latin -ium.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jo/, /ˈi.o/
- Rhymes: -io
- Hyphenation: -io, -ì‧o
Suffix
-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -i or -ii)
- forms the name of chemical elements; -ium
Derived terms
Etymology 6
From Latin -īvit via Vulgar Latin -īut.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jo/, /ˈi.o/
- Rhymes: -io
- Hyphenation: -io, -ì‧o
Suffix
-io (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
- (archaic, Dantesque) used with a stem to form the third-person singular past historic of regular -ire verbs
Derived terms
Latin
Etymology 1
Suffix -ō on i-stems.
Suffix
-iō f (genitive -iōnis); third declension
- Used to form abstract nouns from verbs.
Usage notes
The suffix -iō is added to a verb to create a third-declension feminine abstract noun.
- Examples:
- legiō, from legō
- regiō, from regō
Declension
Third-declension noun.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -iō | -iōnēs |
| Genitive | -iōnis | -iōnum |
| Dative | -iōnī | -iōnibus |
| Accusative | -iōnem | -iōnēs |
| Ablative | -iōne | -iōnibus |
| Vocative | -iō | -iōnēs |
Synonyms
- -tus
Derived terms
Further reading
- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Etymology 2
Extension of -ō (possibly by rebracketing).
Suffix
-iō m (genitive -iōnis); third declension
- Suffixed to noun or adjective stems, forms various nouns designating persons that are characterized by or related to the base word, such as nicknames or names of professions.
- Suffixed to noun or adjective stems, forms certain nouns designating things; often described as a kind of diminutive.
Usage notes
Personal appellations ending in -iō appear to have often had a derogatory or pejorative shade of meaning, which in some cases resulted in a sense near that of a diminutive, as in the case of homunciō.[1]
Declension
Third-declension noun.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -iō | -iōnēs |
| Genitive | -iōnis | -iōnum |
| Dative | -iōnī | -iōnibus |
| Accusative | -iōnem | -iōnēs |
| Ablative | -iōne | -iōnibus |
| Vocative | -iō | -iōnēs |
Synonyms
- -ō, -ārius
Derived terms
Etymology 3
From -i-ō. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-yeti.
Suffix
-iō (present infinitive -iāre, perfect active -iāvī, supine -iātum); first conjugation
- Used to form causative verbs from adjectives.
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -iō (first conjugation) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -iō | -iās | -iat | -iāmus | -iātis | -iant |
| imperfect | -iābam | -iābās | -iābat | -iābāmus | -iābātis | -iābant | |
| future | -iābō | -iābis | -iābit | -iābimus | -iābitis | -iābunt | |
| perfect | -iāvī | -iāvistī | -iāvit | -iāvimus | -iāvistis | -iāvērunt, -iāvēre | |
| pluperfect | -iāveram | -iāverās | -iāverat | -iāverāmus | -iāverātis | -iāverant | |
| future perfect | -iāverō | -iāveris | -iāverit | -iāverimus | -iāveritis | -iāverint | |
| sigmatic future1 | -iāssō | -iāssis | -iāssit | -iāssimus | -iāssitis | -iāssint | |
| passive | present | -ior | -iāris, -iāre | -iātur | -iāmur | -iāminī | -iantur |
| imperfect | -iābar | -iābāris, -iābāre | -iābātur | -iābāmur | -iābāminī | -iābantur | |
| future | -iābor | -iāberis, -iābere | -iābitur | -iābimur | -iābiminī | -iābuntur | |
| perfect | -iātus + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -iātus + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
| future perfect | -iātus + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
| sigmatic future1 | -iāssor | -iāsseris | -iāssitur | — | — | — | |
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -iem | -iēs | -iet | -iēmus | -iētis | -ient |
| imperfect | -iārem | -iārēs | -iāret | -iārēmus | -iārētis | -iārent | |
| perfect | -iāverim | -iāverīs | -iāverit | -iāverīmus | -iāverītis | -iāverint | |
| pluperfect | -iāvissem | -iāvissēs | -iāvisset | -iāvissēmus | -iāvissētis | -iāvissent | |
| sigmatic aorist1 | -iāssim | -iāssīs | -iāssīt | -iāssīmus | -iāssītis | -iāssint | |
| passive | present | -ier | -iēris, -iēre | -iētur | -iēmur | -iēminī | -ientur |
| imperfect | -iārer | -iārēris, -iārēre | -iārētur | -iārēmur | -iārēminī | -iārentur | |
| perfect | -iātus + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -iātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | — | -iā | — | — | -iāte | — |
| future | — | -iātō | -iātō | — | -iātōte | -iantō | |
| passive | present | — | -iāre | — | — | -iāminī | — |
| future | — | -iātor | -iātor | — | — | -iantor | |
| non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
| present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
| infinitives | -iāre | -iāvisse | -iātūrum esse | -iārī, -iārier2 | -iātum esse | -iātum īrī | |
| participles | -iāns | — | -iātūrus | — | -iātus | -iandus | |
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
| genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
| -iandī | -iandō | -iandum | -iandō | -iātum | -iātū | ||
1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
2The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.
Derived terms
Etymology 4
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
-iō (present infinitive -ere, perfect active -ī, supine -um); third conjugation iō-variant
- Used to form some third conjugation verbs.
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -iō (third conjugation iō-variant) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -iō | -is | -it | -imus | -itis | -iunt |
| imperfect | -iēbam | -iēbās | -iēbat | -iēbāmus | -iēbātis | -iēbant | |
| future | -iam | -iēs | -iet | -iēmus | -iētis | -ient | |
| perfect | -ī | -istī | -it | -imus | -istis | -ērunt, -ēre | |
| pluperfect | -eram | -erās | -erat | -erāmus | -erātis | -erant | |
| future perfect | -erō | -eris | -erit | -erimus | -eritis | -erint | |
| sigmatic future1 | -ō | -is | -it | -imus | -itis | -int | |
| passive | present | -ior | -eris, -ere | -itur | -imur | -iminī | -iuntur |
| imperfect | -iēbar | -iēbāris, -iēbāre | -iēbātur | -iēbāmur | -iēbāminī | -iēbantur | |
| future | -iar | -iēris, -iēre | -iētur | -iēmur | -iēminī | -ientur | |
| perfect | -us + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -us + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
| future perfect | -us + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
| sigmatic future1 | -or | -eris | -itur | — | — | — | |
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -iam | -iās | -iat | -iāmus | -iātis | -iant |
| imperfect | -erem | -erēs | -eret | -erēmus | -erētis | -erent | |
| perfect | -erim | -erīs | -erit | -erīmus | -erītis | -erint | |
| pluperfect | -issem | -issēs | -isset | -issēmus | -issētis | -issent | |
| sigmatic aorist1 | -im | -īs | -īt | -īmus | -ītis | -int | |
| passive | present | -iar | -iāris, -iāre | -iātur | -iāmur | -iāminī | -iantur |
| imperfect | -erer | -erēris, -erēre | -erētur | -erēmur | -erēminī | -erentur | |
| perfect | -us + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -us + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | — | -e | — | — | -ite | — |
| future | — | -itō | -itō | — | -itōte | -iuntō | |
| passive | present | — | -ere | — | — | -iminī | — |
| future | — | -itor | -itor | — | — | -iuntor | |
| non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
| present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
| infinitives | -ere | -isse | -ūrum esse | -ī | -um esse | -um īrī | |
| participles | -iēns | — | -ūrus | — | -us | -iendus, -iundus | |
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
| genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
| -iendī | -iendō | -iendum | -iendō | -um | -ū | ||
1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
Etymology 5
From i stem+*-yéti (denominative suffix) or later non-inherited fabrications.
Suffix
-iō (present infinitive -īre, perfect active -īvī, supine -ītum); fourth conjugation
- Used to form fourth conjugation verbs.
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -iō (fourth conjugation) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -iō | -īs | -it | -īmus | -ītis | -iunt |
| imperfect | -iēbam | -iēbās | -iēbat | -iēbāmus | -iēbātis | -iēbant | |
| future | -iam | -iēs | -iet | -iēmus | -iētis | -ient | |
| perfect | -īvī, -iī | -īvistī, -iistī | -īvit, -iit | -īvimus, -iimus | -īvistis, -iistis | -īvērunt, -īvēre, -iērunt, -iēre | |
| pluperfect | -īveram, -ieram | -īverās, -ierās | -īverat, -ierat | -īverāmus, -ierāmus | -īverātis, -ierātis | -īverant, -ierant | |
| future perfect | -īverō, -ierō | -īveris, -ieris | -īverit, -ierit | -īverimus, -ierimus | -īveritis, -ieritis | -īverint, -ierint | |
| sigmatic future1 | -īssō | -īssis | -īssit | -īssimus | -īssitis | -īssint | |
| passive | present | -ior | -īris, -īre | -ītur | -īmur | -īminī | -iuntur |
| imperfect | -iēbar | -iēbāris, -iēbāre | -iēbātur | -iēbāmur | -iēbāminī | -iēbantur | |
| future | -iar | -iēris, -iēre | -iētur | -iēmur | -iēminī | -ientur | |
| perfect | -ītus + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -ītus + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
| future perfect | -ītus + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -iam | -iās | -iat | -iāmus | -iātis | -iant |
| imperfect | -īrem | -īrēs | -īret | -īrēmus | -īrētis | -īrent | |
| perfect | -īverim, -ierim | -īverīs, -ierīs | -īverit, -ierit | -īverīmus, -ierīmus | -īverītis, -ierītis | -īverint, -ierint | |
| pluperfect | -īvissem, -iissem | -īvissēs, -iissēs | -īvisset, -iisset | -īvissēmus, -iissēmus | -īvissētis, -iissētis | -īvissent, -iissent | |
| sigmatic aorist1 | -īssim | -īssīs | -īssīt | -īssīmus | -īssītis | -īssint | |
| passive | present | -iar | -iāris, -iāre | -iātur | -iāmur | -iāminī | -iantur |
| imperfect | -īrer | -īrēris, -īrēre | -īrētur | -īrēmur | -īrēminī | -īrentur | |
| perfect | -ītus + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -ītus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | — | -ī | — | — | -īte | — |
| future | — | -ītō | -ītō | — | -ītōte | -iuntō | |
| passive | present | — | -īre | — | — | -īminī | — |
| future | — | -ītor | -ītor | — | — | -iuntor | |
| non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
| present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
| infinitives | -īre | -īvisse, -iisse | -ītūrum esse | -īrī | -ītum esse | -ītum īrī | |
| participles | -iēns | — | -ītūrus | — | -ītus | -iendus, -iundus | |
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
| genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
| -iendī | -iendō | -iendum | -iendō | -ītum | -ītū | ||
1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").
Derived terms
References
- Petersen, Walter, 1910. Greek diminutives in -ION; a study in semantics, pages 194-195
Old Spanish
Etymology
From Latin -ium, from the adjectival suffix -ius.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈ-io/
Suffix
-io
- (added to nouns) A suffix forming abstract nouns.
- sennor (“lord, master”) + -io → sennorio (“dominion, jurisdiction”)
Derived terms
Descendants
- Spanish: -ío
Portuguese
Etymology 1
From Old Portuguese -io, from Latin -īvus. Doublet of -ivo.
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈi.u/, /ˈiw/ [ˈiʊ̯]
- (Portugal) IPA(key): /ˈi.u/
Suffix
-io (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ia, masculine plural -ios, feminine plural -ias)
- -ive; -y (forms adjectives from verbs, indicating a tendency or inclination)
- escorregar (“to slip”) + -io → escorregadio (“slippery”)
- arredar (“to withdraw from”) + -io → arredio (“withdrawn, solitary”)
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈi.u/, /ˈiw/ [ˈiʊ̯]
- (Portugal) IPA(key): /ˈi.u/
Suffix
-io m (noun-forming suffix, uncountable)
- (informal) forms collectives
- mulher (“woman”) + -io → mulherio (“a bunch of women”)
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): (stressed on the preceding vowel) /i.u/ [ɪ.u]
- (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): (stressed on the preceding vowel) /i.o/ [ɪ.o]
- (Portugal) IPA(key): (stressed on the preceding vowel) /i.u/
Suffix
-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ios)
- (chemistry) -ium (forms the names of chemical elements and isotopes)
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈiw/ [ˈiʊ̯]
- (Portugal) IPA(key): /ˈiw/
Verb
-io
- Obsolete spelling of -iu
Spanish
Etymology
Borrowed from New Latin -ium, from Latin -um, based on Latin terms for metals, such as ferrum (“iron”).
Suffix
-io m (plural -ios)
- -ium
Derived terms
Further reading
- “-io”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Welsh
Etymology
Variant of -o, initially after a stem that contained /j/ (for Brythonic /ɣ/ or from palatalization after a diphthong), later extended to other verbstems.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jɔ/
Suffix
-io
- Forms verbnouns from verbs and other parts of speech.
Derived terms
Related terms
- -o (Forms verbnouns from verb stems ending in i̯)