in

See also: Appendix:Variations of "in"

㏌	U+33CC, ㏌ SQUARE IN

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Translingual

Symbol

in

(international standards, obsolete) Former ISO 639-1 language code for Indonesian.
Synonym: id (current)

English

Pronunciation

(stressed)
- (Received Pronunciation, General American, Canada, General Australian) enPR: ĭn, IPA^(key): /ɪn/
- (New Zealand) IPA^(key): /ɘn/
- Audio (US) (file)
- Audio (AU) (file)
(unstressed)
- (Received Pronunciation) enPR: ĭn, IPA^(key): /ɪn/
- (General American, Canada, General Australian) enPR: ən, IPA^(key): /ən/
- (New Zealand) IPA^(key): /ɘn/
Rhymes: -ɪn
Homophone: inn

Etymology 1

PIE word
*h₁en

Preposition and verb from Middle English in, from Old English in, from Proto-Germanic *in.

Adverb, noun and adjective from Middle English in, from Old English inn and inne, from Proto-Germanic *innai.

Alternative forms

i' (colloquial, poetic)

Preposition

A ship in a bottle.

A dog in a sink.

in

Used to indicate location, inclusion, or position within spatial, temporal or other limits.
1. Contained by.
  The dog is in the kennel.
  There were three pickles in a jar.
2. Within the bounds or limits of.
  I like living in the city.
  There are lots of trees in the park.
  - 2013 August 3, “Boundary problems”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:
    GDP measures the total value of output in an economic territory.
3. Surrounded by; among; amidst.
  We are in the enemy camp.
  Her plane is in the air.
  Waiter! There's a fly in my soup!
4. Wearing (an item of clothing).
  I glanced over at the pretty girl in the red dress.
5. Part of; a member of; out of; from among.
  You are one in a million.
  She's in an orchestra.
6. During (a period of time).
  My birthday is in the first week of December.
  Easter falls in the fourth lunar month.
  The country reached a high level of prosperity in his first term.
7. Within (a certain elapsed time); by the end of.
  Will you be able to finish this in a week?
  The massacre resulted in over 1000 deaths in three hours.
8. At the end of (a period of time).
  They said they would call us in a week.
9. (grammar, phonetics) Characterized by.
  Many English nouns in -is form their plurals in -es.
Into.
- 2011 January 8, Paul Fletcher, “Stevenage 3-1 Newcastle”, in BBC:
  The ball was accidentally kicked in Kevin Nolan's face in the opening seconds of the contest – an incident that set the tone for an extremely uncomfortable encounter for the Premier League side.
Less water gets in your boots this way.
She stood there looking in the window longingly.
Used to indicate limit, qualification, condition, or circumstance.
- 1898, J. Meade Falkner, chapter 4, in Moonfleet, London; Toronto, Ont.: Jonathan Cape, published 1934:
  In returning to the vault, I had no very sure purpose in mind; only a vague surmise that this finding of Blackbeard's coffin would somehow lead to the finding of his treasure.
In replacing the faucet washers, he felt he was making his contribution to the environment.
1. Indicating an order or arrangement.
  My fat rolls around in folds.
2. Denoting a state of the subject.
  He stalked away in anger.
  John is in a coma.
3. Indicates, connotatively, a place-like form of someone's (or something's) personality, as his, her or its psychic and physical characteristics.
  You've got a friend in me.
  He's met his match in her.
4. Pertaining to; with regard to.
  There has been no change in his condition.
  What grade did he get in English?
Used to indicate means, medium, format, genre, or instrumentality.
1. (of something offered or given in an exchange) In the form of, in the denomination of.
  Please pay me in cash — preferably in tens and twenties.
  The deposit can be in any legal tender, even in gold.
  Her generosity was rewarded in the success of its recipients.
  - 2014, Carla Bethmann, Clean, Friendly, Profitable?: Tourism, page 114:
    […] tourists sometimes attempt to pay in euros or British pounds.
2. Used to indicate a language, script, tone, etc. of a text, speech, etc.
  Beethoven's "Symphony No. 5" in C minor is among his most popular.
  His speech was in French, but was simultaneously translated into eight languages.
  When you write in cursive, it's illegible.
  Military letters should be formal in tone, but not stilted.

Hyponyms

in-memory

Derived terms

built-in
drop-in
in funds
inly
inmost
innermost
inside
in steam
into
opt-in
within

Related terms

in a hurry
in a jiffy
in haste
in love
in situ
in tatters
in turn

Translations

See in/translations § Preposition.

Verb

in (third-person singular simple present ins, present participle inning, simple past and past participle inned)

(obsolete, transitive) To enclose.
(obsolete, transitive) To take in; to harvest.
- c. 1604–1605 (date written), William Shakespeare, “All’s VVell, that Ends VVell”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act I, scene iii]:
  He that ears my land spares my team and gives me leave to in the crop.

Adverb

in (not comparable)

At or towards the interior of a defined space, such as a building or room.
Suddenly a strange man walked in.
Would you like that to take away or eat in?
He ran to the edge of the swimming pool and dived in.
- 1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter II, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], OCLC 752825175:
  Orion hit a rabbit once; but though sore wounded it got to the bury, and, struggling in, the arrow caught the side of the hole and was drawn out. Indeed, a nail filed sharp is not of much avail as an arrowhead; you must have it barbed, and that was a little beyond our skill.
Towards the speaker or other reference point.
They flew in from London last night.
For six hours the tide flows in, then for another six hours it flows out.
So as to be enclosed or surrounded by something.
Bring the water to the boil and drop the vegetables in.
After the beginning of something.
- 2011 October 1, Phil Dawkes, “Sunderland 2-2 West Brom”, in BBC Sport‎:
  The Black Cats had a mountain to climb after James Morrison's header and Shane Long's neat side-foot finish gave Albion a 2-0 lead five minutes in.
The show still didn't become interesting 20 minutes in.
(in combination, after a verb) Denotes a gathering of people assembled for the stated activity, sometimes, though not always, suggesting a protest.
sing-in, pray-in, hug-in; see also be-in, love-in, sit-in, teach-in.

Translations

See in/translations § Adverb.

Noun

in (plural ins)

A position of power or influence, or a way to get it.
His parents got him an in with the company.
(chiefly in the plural) One who, or that which, is in; especially, one who is in office.
Antonym: out
- 1827, Benjamin Chew, A Sketch of the Politics, Relations, and Statistics, of the Western World (page 192)
  This memoir has nothing to do with the question between the ins and the outs; it is intended neither to support nor to assail the administration; it is general in its views upon a general and national subject; […]
(sports) The state of a batter/batsman who is currently batting; see innings.
A re-entrant angle; a nook or corner.

Antonyms

out

Translations

See in/translations § Noun.

Adjective

in (comparative more in, superlative most in)

(not comparable) Located indoors, especially at home or at one's office or place of work.
Is Mr. Smith in?
(not comparable) Located inside something.
Little by little I pushed the snake into the basket, until finally all of it was in.
(sports, of the ball or other playing implement) Falling or remaining within the bounds of the playing area.
If the tennis ball bounces on the line then it's in.
Inserted or fitted into something.
I've discovered why the TV wasn't working – the plug wasn't in!
Having been collected or received.
The replies to the questionnaires are now all in.
In fashion; popular.
Skirts are in this year.
Incoming.
the in train
(nautical, of the sails of a vessel) Furled or stowed.
Of the tide, at or near its highest level.
You can't get round the headland when the tide's in.
(law) With privilege or possession; used to denote a holding, possession, or seisin[1]
in by descent; in by purchase; in of the seisin of her husband
(cricket) Currently batting.
Having familiarity or involvement with somebody.
- 2010, Joe R. Lansdale, Flaming Zeppelins: The Adventures of Ned the Seal, page 123:
  “ […] He […] took a rifle out of the batch and shot at me. I was lucky he was such a crummy shot.”
  “Why would he do that?”
  “I think he's in with them, Doctor.”
  “Them? You mean Ned and Cody?”
  “All of them. Hickok, the split tail, the whole lot.”
He is very in with the Joneses.
(informal) Having a favourable position, such as a position of influence or expected gain, in relation to another person.
I think that bird fancies you. You're in there, mate!
- 2004, The Streets (lyrics and music), “Could Well Be In”:
  I saw this thing on ITV the other week,
  Said, that if she played with her hair, she's probably keen
  She's playing with her hair, well regularly,
  So I reckon I could well be in.
(of fire or fuel) (Britain, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand) Burning; ablaze.
- 1888, H.C.O’Neill,Edith A. Barnett, Our Nurses and the Work They Have to Do‎, page 81:
  Blocks of compressed coal keep the fire in for a long time, but they give out very little heat.
- 1894, Henry Kingsley, The Recollections of Geoffry Hamlyn - Volume 2‎, page 183:
  “At all events,” said the Doctor, “the fire’s in, and here’s the camp-oven, too. Somebody will be here soon. I will go in and light my pipe.”
- 1901, William Francis Barry, The Wizard’s Knot‎, page 231:
  Was there any person in your own house at Renmore to keep the fire in while you were here?.
- 2011, Rosemary Sutcliff, The Eagle of the Ninth Chronicles‎:
  Normally when they camped in the wild they took turns to sit up and keep the fire in while the others slept, […].
- 2019, A.L.Lester, Shadows on the Border‎:
  He turned and started making up the range to keep the fire in overnight, and heard the front door click and Grant’s motor fire up. Sleep. He needed to sleep.

Translations

See in/translations § Adjective.

Alternative forms

in.

Noun

in (plural ins or in)

Abbreviation of inch; inches.

References

1859, Alexander Mansfield, Law Dictionary

Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans, "Bounded landmarks", in The Semantics of English Prepositions: Spatial Scenes, Embodied Meaning and Cognition, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 0-521-81430 8

Anagrams

N.I., NI, ni

Abinomn

Pronoun

in

he; she

Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch in, from Middle Dutch in, from Old Dutch in, from Proto-Germanic *in.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ən/
Audio (file)

Adverb

in

in; inside; within

Preposition

in

in
into

Derived terms

daarin
hierin
innie

Akkadian

Pronunciation

(Old Babylonian) IPA^(key): /in/

Preposition

in

Alternative form of ina (“in, on, at”)

Ayomán

Noun

in

water

References

Luis Oramas, Materiales para el estudio de los dialectos Ayamán, Gayón, Jirajara, Ajagua (1916)

Baure

Noun

in

water

References

Swintha Danielsen, Baure: An Arawak Language of Bolivia

Central Nahuatl

Article

in

the.

Chamorro

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /in/

Pronoun

in

we (exclusive)

Usage notes

in is used solely as a subject of a transitive verb, while ham is used either as a subject of an intransitive verb or an object of a transitive verb.

References

Donald M. Topping (1973) Chamorro Reference Grammar‎, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Chinese

Etymology 1

For pronunciation and definitions of in – see 𪜶 (“they; them; their; theirs; etc.”). (This character, in, is the Pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 𪜶.)

Etymology 2

From English in.

Pronunciation

Cantonese (Jyutping): in¹

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: in¹
  - Yale: īn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: in¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: in¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iːn⁵⁵/

Adjective

in

(Hong Kong Cantonese) in fashion; popular

Antonyms

out (au¹)

Etymology 3

From clipping of English interview.

Pronunciation

Cantonese (Jyutping): in¹

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: in¹
  - Yale: īn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: in¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: in¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iːn⁵⁵/

Verb

in

(Hong Kong Cantonese) to interview

Etymology 4

From clipping of English integrate.

Pronunciation

Cantonese (Jyutping): in¹

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: in¹
  - Yale: īn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: in¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: in¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iːn⁵⁵/

Verb

in

(Hong Kong Cantonese, mathematics) to integrate

Related terms

d (di¹, “to differentiate”)

References

English Loanwords in Hong Kong Cantonese

Chuukese

Noun

in

mother

Cimbrian

Etymology 1

From Middle High German in, from Old High German in, from Proto-Germanic *in (“in”).

Preposition

in

(Luserna, Sette Comuni, + dative) in

Alternative forms

inn (Sette Comuni)

Etymology 2

From Middle High German in, from Old High German inan, from Proto-Germanic *inǭ.

Pronoun

in

(Sette Comuni) accusative of èar: him

Alternative forms

en

Article

in

(Sette Comuni, Luserna) the; definite article for two declensions:
1. accusative singular masculine
2. dative plural

Derived terms

von (contraction)

References

“in” in Martalar, Umberto Martello; Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo
Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

Classical Nahuatl

Article

in

the

Pronoun

in, īn

(demonstrative) this; these

Derived terms

inin
inon

Related terms

on

References

Michel Launey; Christopher Mackay (2011) An Introduction to Classical Nahuatl, Amazon Kindle: Cambridge University Press, pages Loc 1408

Danish

Adjective

in (neuter in, plural and definite singular attributive in)

(colloquial) fashionable, in

Antonyms

yt

Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch in, from Old Dutch in, from Proto-Germanic *in.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɪn/
audio (file)
Hyphenation: in
Rhymes: -ɪn

Adverb

in

in, inside
(postpositional) into
De jongen rende het huis in.
The boy ran into the house.

Preposition

in

in (expressing containment)
De geest in de fles
the genie in the bottle

Inflection

Pronominal adverbs of in

preposition	in
postpositional adv.	in
+ het (it)	erin
+ dit (this)	hierin
+ dat (that)	daarin
+ wat (what)	waarin
+ iets (something)	ergens in
+ niets (nothing)	nergens in
+ alles (everything)	overal in

Synonyms

binnen

Antonyms

uit
buiten

Derived terms

indruk
induiken
ineens
ingaan
ingeven
inhouden
inkomen
inroepen
insluiten
inspreken
instellen
invoeren
invriezen
invullen
inzenden
inzetten

Descendants

Afrikaans: in
Jersey Dutch: än, in

Adjective

in (used only predicatively, not comparable)

in style

Verb

in

first-person singular present indicative of innen
imperative of innen

Emilian

Etymology

From Latin inde (“thence”). Cognate with Catalan en, French en, Italian ne.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /in/
Hyphenation: in

Pronoun

in (adverbial)

(genitive case) of it, of them
Vô-t di pām? A t’in dāg dû.
Do you want some apples? I will give you two (of them).
(genitive case) about it, about them
A t’in avîva descòurs ajêr.
I talked to you about it yesterday.
(ablative case) from here
A sòun stùf, a m’in vāg.
I am tired, I am leaving (from here).

Alternative forms

Becomes n- before a vowel (proclitic).
A-g n-ò dimándi. ― I have a lot (of them).
Becomes -en when acting as an enclitic (after a consonant).
Mānjen un pōk! ― Eat some of it! (imperative, singular)
Becomes -n when acting as an enclitic (after a vowel).
Manjēn un pōk! ― Eat some of it! (imperative, plural)

Finnish

Etymology

Borrowed from English in.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈin/, [ˈin]
Rhymes: -in
Syllabification^(key): in

Adjective

in

(colloquial) in, popular (in fashion)
- 1985, Jukka Karjalainen (lyrics and music), “Mikä mahtaa olla in?”, in Doris, performed by J. Karjalainen ja mustat lasit:
  Tee niin, tee näin, olet in, in, in,
  Olet keskipiste koko kaupungin
  Do this, do that, [and] you will be in, in, in,
  You will be the centre of the whole city
- 1991, Juha Vainio (lyrics), “Oot maalainen”, in Viiskymppisen viisut, performed by Juha Vainio:
  Kuiskaan silloin hiljaa: «mie viljele en viljaa;
  oon vihdoin in»!
  So I quietly whisper: "I don't grow no crops;
  I'm finally in"!

Antonyms

out

Anagrams

-ni

Friulian

Etymology

From Latin in.

Preposition

in

in

German

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʔɪn/
audio (file)

Etymology 1

From Old High German in, from Proto-Germanic *in.

Preposition

in

(with dative) in, inside, within, at (inside a building)
Es ist in dem Haus. ― It is in the house.
Ich habe die Schlüssel im (in dem) Kühlschrank gefunden. ― I found the keys in the refrigerator.
Unsere Kinder sind in der Schule. ― Our kids are at school.
Er ist in einem Café. ― He is at a coffee shop.
Letzte Nacht waren sie im (in dem) Club. ― They were at the club last night.
(with dative) in (pertaining to)
in diesem Sinne ― in this/that sense
(with dative) in, at, by (at the end of or during a period of time)
Er schloss sein Studium im Alter von vierzehn. ― He completed his studies at/by the age of fourteen.
im Alter ― in old age
im Mittelalter ― during the middle ages
in den 1960er Jahren ― in the 1960s
(with accusative) into, to (going inside (of))
Er geht ins Haus. ― He goes into the house.
Wir gehen in die Schweiz. ― We are going to Switzerland.
Wir treten in ein neues Zeitalter ein. ― We are coming into a new age.

Usage notes

The preposition in is used with the accusative case if the verb shows movement from one place to another, whereas it is used with the dative case if the verb shows location.

Derived terms

(in + dem) im m or n
(in + das) ins n
in der Zwickmühle stecken

Contraction

in

(dated) Contraction of in den.

Etymology 3

Borrowed from English in.

Adjective

in (indeclinable, predicative only)

in, popular (in fashion)

Declension

Indeclinable, predicative-only.

Gothic

Romanization

in

Romanization of 𐌹𐌽

Interlingua

Preposition

in

in

Irish

Preposition

in (plus dative, triggers eclipsis)

Alternative form of i

Usage notes

This variant of i is used before vowel-initial words, before bhur (“your pl”), before dhá (“two”), before titles of books, films, and the like, and before foreign words that resist mutation.

In older texts, the n is spelled together with a vowel-initial word (e.g. i n-aice le instead of modern in aice le (“beside”) and i nÉirinn or i n-Éirinn instead of modern in Éirinn (“in Ireland”). Also in older texts, in bhur may be spelled i nbhur.

Istriot

Etymology

From Latin in.

Preposition

in

in; on
- 1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 99:
  Cume li va puleîto in alto mare!
  How they row well on the high seas!

Italian

Etymology

From Latin in.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈin/
Rhymes: -in
Hyphenation: ìn

Preposition

in

in
Ho qualcosa in tasca. ― I have something in my pocket.
Partirò in primavera. ― I will be leaving in spring.
Vado in quinta elementare. ― I'm in fifth grade.
to
Sono andato in panetteria. ― I went to the bakery.
into
by
Vado a scuola in autobus. ― I go to school by bus.
on
Ho messo un cappello in testa. ― I put a hat on my head.
Metti il pane in tavola. ― Put the bread on the table.
marker of way or manner
riso in bianco ― plain rice (literally, “rice in white”)
camminare in punta di piedi ― to walk on the tips of one's toes

Usage notes

When followed by the definite article, in is combined with the article to produce the following combined forms:

in + article	Combined form
in + il	nel
in + lo	nello
in + l'	nell'
in + i	nei
in + gli	negli
in + la	nella
in + le	nelle

Anagrams

ni, nì

Japanese

Romanization

in

Rōmaji transcription of いん

Ladin

Preposition

in

in

Latin

Alternative forms

en, endo, indu (ante-classical)

Etymology

From earlier en, from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”). Cognate with English in.

Pronunciation

(Classical) IPA^(key): /in/, [ɪn]

(Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /in/, [in]
Audio (Classical) (file)

Preposition

in (+ ablative), in (+ accusative)

(+ ablative) in, at, on, upon, from (space)
- 29 bc. Vergil. Georgics, III
  omne adeo genvs in terris hominvmqve ferarvmqve
  et genvs æqvorevm pecvdes pictæqve volvcres
  in fvrias ignemqve rvvnt
  So far does every species on earth of man and beast,
  whether the aquatic species, livestock, or painted-winged,
  collapse into the frenzies and the fire.
- Seneca
  venenum in auro bibitur
  Poison is drunk from a gold cup.
(+ ablative) under, within, in
- 70 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Eclogues 1.4:
  lentus in umbrā
  sluggish under the shade
(+ ablative) during, within, while in (time)
(+ accusative) into, to
- 29 bc. Vergil. Georgics, III
  omne adeo genvs in terris hominvmqve ferarvmqve
  et genvs æqvorevm pecvdes pictæqve volvcres
  in fvrias ignemqve rvvnt
  So far does every species on earth of man and beast,
  whether the aquatic species, livestock, or painted-winged,
  collapse into the frenzies and the fire.
- 1774, Finnur Jónsson, Historia Ecclesiastica Islandiæ 1:
  De introductione religionis Christianæ in Islandiam.
  On the introduction of Christianity to Iceland.
(+ accusative) toward, towards, against, at
Gallī in Rōmānōs incurrunt. ― The Gauls are rushing against the Romans.
- Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I, 6:
  Scelera in se fratris
  The brother’s crimes against himself
- Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I, 12:
  in adversum Romani subiere
  The Romans marched against their enemy
(+ accusative) until, for
(+ accusative) about
(+ accusative) according to
- Caesar, de Bello Gallico VII, 19:
  Generatimque distributi in civitates
  and being distributed in tribes according to their respective nations

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:in.

Antonyms

ex

Derived terms

asinus in tegulis
in-
in cassum
in nuce
inter
intra
intus
in unguem
lupus in fabula
lupus in sermone

Descendants

Balkan Romance:
- Aromanian: ãn
- Istro-Romanian: ăn
- Megleno-Romanian: ăn
- Romanian: în
Dalmatian:
- en
Italo-Romance:
- Italian: in
- Sicilian: 'n
Padanian:
- Friulian: in
- Ligurian: in
- Piedmontese: ën
- Romansch: en
Northern Gallo-Romance:
- Franco-Provençal: en
- French: en
Southern Gallo-Romance:
- Catalan: en
- Occitan: en
Ibero-Romance:
- Mozarabic: אן‎ ('n)
- Portuguese: em
- Spanish: en
Insular Romance:
- Sardinian: in

Ligurian

Etymology 1

From Latin in.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /iŋ/

Preposition

in

in

in + article	Combined form
in + o	ne-o
in + a	ne-a
in + i	ne-i
in + e	ne-e

Synonyms

inte

Etymology 2

With iotacism, from un (“a, an”, indefinite article).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /in/

Article

in

a, an (male)

Usage notes

This form is found:
- in sentence-initial position, or after a punctuation mark
- after words ending in /ŋ/

Lombard

Alternative forms

ind (followed by article)
en, èn (Eastern orthographies)

Etymology

From Latin in.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /in/, /iŋ/ (Western)
IPA^(key): /en/, [ɛn], [an] (Eastern)

Preposition

in

in

Usage notes

When followed by a definite or indefinite article, it's replaced by ind.

Louisiana Creole French

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɛ̃/

Article

in

Alternative form of un

Mapudungun

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈin]

Verb

in (Raguileo spelling)

To eat.
first-person singular realis form of in

References

Wixaleyiñ: Mapucezugun-wigkazugun pici hemvlcijka (Wixaleyiñ: Small Mapudungun-Spanish dictionary), Beretta, Marta; Cañumil, Dario; Cañumil, Tulio, 2008.

Marshallese

Pronunciation

(phonetic) IPA^(key): [inʲ]
(phonemic) IPA^(key): /jinʲ/
Bender phonemes: {yin}

Preposition

in

to

Noun

in

grass skirt

Synonyms

ōr

Etymology 3

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)ni, from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)ni.

Pronoun

in

this (thing close to us both)
demonstrative, first person inclusive singular

Alternative forms

-in

Preposition

in

of
from
for

References

Marshallese–English Online Dictionary

Middle Dutch

Etymology 1

From Old Dutch in, from Proto-Germanic *in.

Preposition

in [+accusative or dative]

in, inside, within
into
within (a time period)
in (a condition)

Descendants

Dutch: in
- Afrikaans: in
Limburgish: in

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Contraction

in

Contraction of ic ne.

Middle English

Etymology 1

From Old English inn.

Alternative forms

inn, inne, ine, yn, ynne

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /in/

Noun

in (plural innes)

Any kind of accommodation; particularly:
1. A holiday home or guesthouse; a house set up as accommodation.
2. An inn or hostel; a building with multiple rooms to let.
3. A camp used by an army; barracks.
A home or house; habitation or housing one lives in.
A dormitory; housing for students.

Descendants

English: inn
Scots: inn

References

“in, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-05-02.

Etymology 2

From Old English in, from Proto-Germanic *in.

Alternative forms

ine, i, yn, yne, en, i, an, y

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /in/, /iː/, /i/, /ən/

Preposition

in

in; with the following special senses:
1. in, inside; encircled or confined by, with the following special senses:
  1. inside, within (a text or document)
  2. inside, within (one's mind)
  3. inside, in, indoors of.
  4. amongst, in a crowd of.
2. wearing, having on, clad in
3. in a quality or mode: with the following special senses:
  1. affected by, under the influence of.
  2. held by someone, in someone's grasp
  3. owned by someone, in someone's control
4. inside, at or on a location or place.
5. secured with; bound with
6. in the midst of, while, currently doing
7. in (pieces or portions), into.
8. about; of, on the matter of.
in the form, way, or manner of.
on, above, on top of.
facing at, in the direction of.
Being one of a set or group.
Being owned by; in one's possession.
due to, as, for the reason that.
versus; in conflict with; fighting with.
using, utilising, with the means of.
(rare) with, in the company of.

Usage notes

in is usually postpositive in Middle English. For example, the previous sentence would be in is after þe noun lome Middel Englisch in.

Related terms

in-
in-to
inward
inwit
inwith

Descendants

English: in
Scots: in, i, i'
Yola: i, in, yn, ing, ee, eee, a

References

“in, prep.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-05-03.

Etymology 3

From Old English inne, from Proto-Germanic *inna.

Alternative forms

inne, yne, yn, hyn

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /in/

Adverb

in

in; with the following special senses:
1. in, inside; encircled or confined by.
2. inside, in, in the centre of.
3. in a quality or mode.
in towards, in the direction of.
on, on top of; above
using, utilising, with the means of.

Descendants

English: in
Scots: in

References

“in, adv.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-05-03.

Pronoun

in

Alternative form of hine

Min Nan

For pronunciation and definitions of in – see 𪜶 (“they; them; their; theirs; etc.”). (This character, in, is the Pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 𪜶.)

Mohegan-Pequot

Noun

in

man (adult male)

References

A Vocabulary of Mohegan-Pequot (John D. Prince, Frank G. Speck)

Northern Sami

Pronunciation

(Kautokeino) IPA^(key): /ˈin/

Verb

in

first-person singular present of ii

Norwegian Bokmål

Alternative forms

inn (adjective)

Etymology

From English in.

Adjective

in (singular and plural in)

popular

References

“in” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Anagrams

ni

Norwegian Nynorsk

Alternative forms

inn (adjective)

Etymology

From English in.

Adjective

in (singular and plural in)

popular

References

“in” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Anagrams

ni

Old English

Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *in.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /in/

Preposition

in (Anglian)

in

Usage notes

In the West Saxon dialect, this word was replaced by on during the separate prehistory of Old English. However, it was still used as a prefix to form many words such as ingang (“entrance”), inġewinn (“civil war”), inġeþanc (“inner thoughts”), inlendisċ (“native”), intinga (“cause”), and inweorc (“indoor work”), and it was still implied by derived adverbs such as inne (“inside”), innan (“from the inside”), and inn (“in,” adverb).

Descendants

Middle English: in
- English: in
- Scots: in

Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *inn.

Adverb

in

Alternative form of inn

Old High German

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *in.

Preposition

in

in

Descendants

Middle High German: in
- Bavarian: i
  Cimbrian: inn, in (preposition)
- Central Franconian: en, ön, on
- German: in
- Luxembourgish: an
- Rhine Franconian: in, en
  - Pennsylvania German: in
- Yiddish: אין‎ (in)

Old Irish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *sindos (“this”), from Proto-Indo-European *sḗm (“one”) or *só (“this”); weak doublet of sin (“this”).

Article

in

the (masculine singular nominative/accusative; feminine singular accusative; masculine/feminine/neuter dual nominative/accusative/genitive)
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 13^d7
  Beóigidir in spirut in corp in ḟect so.
  "The spirit now quickens the body."
Alternative spelling of ind
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 13^d7
  Beóigidir in spirut in corp in ḟect so.
  "The spirit now quickens the body."

Usage notes

Triggers nasalization of the following noun in the masculine and feminine singular accusative.
Triggers lenition of the following noun as an alternative spelling of ind.

Declension

Case	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	in int (before vowels)	ind int (before ṡ)	a	in dá	in dí	in dá	ind	inna
Accusative	in		a	in dá	in dí	in dá	inna
Genitive	ind int (before ṡ)	inna	ind int (before ṡ)	in dá			inna
Dative	dond; dont (before ṡ) cossind; cossint (before ṡ) etc.			don dib cossin dib etc.			donaib cosnaib etc.
Dative	Note: The dative is used only after a preposition, which forms a contraction with the definite article, e.g. dond (“to the”), cossind (“with the”), etc.

Synonyms

int (masculine singular nominative, used before a vowel)

Derived terms

insin
inso

Descendants

Irish: an
Scottish Gaelic: an
Manx: yn

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Particle

in (triggers eclipsis)

interrogative particle forming yes-no questions

Derived terms

duús in

Verb

in (triggers eclipsis)

third-person singular present indicative interrogative of is: is...?

Preposition

in

Alternative form of i (“in”) (often before cach, cech (“each, every”) and for (“your pl”))

Etymology 4

Probably originally the masculine/neuter dative singular of the definite article (see Etymology 1); compare Middle Welsh and Welsh yn.[1]

Particle

in

Used with the masculine/neuter dative singular of an adjective to form the corresponding adverb: -ly
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 30^a3
  Amal nád n-airigther ⁊ nád fintar a ndu·gníther hi suidi, sic ba in ḟortgidiu ⁊ ba hi temul du·gníth Saul cona muntair intleda ⁊ erelca fri Dauid.
  As what is done in this is not perceived and discovered, so it was covertly and it was in darkness that Saul with his people was making snares and ambushes against David.

References

Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2003), D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 379, pages 238–39

Old Norse

Article

in

inflection of inn:
1. feminine nominative singular
2. neuter nominative/accusative plural

Old Saxon

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *in.

Preposition

in

in

Pennsylvania German

Preposition

in

in

Portuguese

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin in (“in”). Doublet of em.

Preposition

in

found in the given reference

Related terms

em

Etymology 2

Unadapted borrowing from English in.

Adjective

in (invariable)

in fashion
Synonym: na moda

Romagnol

Etymology

From Latin in (“in”).

Pronunciation

(Central Romagnol): IPA^(key): [i]

(Ville Unite):

Preposition

in

in, into
by
A vég a Ravèna in bicicléta.
I go to Ravenna by bike.

References

Masotti, Adelmo (1999) Vocabolario Romagnolo Italiano (in Italian), Zanichelli

Romanian

Etymology

From Latin līnum (“flax”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /in/

Noun

in n (plural inuri)

flax

Declension

Declension of in

	singular		plural
	indefinite articulation	definite articulation	indefinite articulation	definite articulation
nominative/accusative	(un) in	inul	(niște) inuri	inurile
genitive/dative	(unui) in	inului	(unor) inuri	inurilor
vocative	inule		inurilor

Related terms

inar
ie

Romansch

Alternative forms

egn (Sutsilvan, Surmiran)
ün (Puter, Vallader)

Etymology

From Latin ūnus.

Article

in m (feminine ina)

(Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan) a, an

Number

in m (feminine ina)

(Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan) one

Sardinian

Etymology

From Latin in.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /in/

Preposition

in

in, into

Sassarese

Alternative forms

i', i (apocopic)

Etymology

From Latin in, from earlier en, from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /in/

Preposition

in

in
Soggu in sigunda erementari ― I'm in second grade
Canti seddi in crassi tóia? ― How many are you in your class?
Paràuri ischritti in rùiu ― Words written in red
Fabeddàbani in sassaresu ― They were speaking (in) Sassarese
- 1866, Luigi Luciano Bonaparte, “Cap. Ⅲ [Chapter 3]”, in Il Vangelo di S. Matteo volgarizzato in dialetto sardo sassarese‎, London, page 7:
  In chissi dì poi vinisi Giuanni Battilta pridigghendi in lu diseltu di la Giudea
  In those days, then came John the Baptist, preaching in the desert of Judaea
- 1989, Giovanni Maria Cherchi, “Puisia [Poetry]”, in La poesia di l'althri, Sassari: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, page 19:
  E s’ammenta di nommi immintigaddi, ¶ un basgiu dazi a facci risurani, ¶ chi più no li vidia che in sonni fei
  And she remembers forgotten names, gives a kiss to smiling faces she would only see again in nightmares
  (literally, “And she remembers herself of forgotten names, a kiss gives to laughing faces, which she didn't see anymore except in bad dreams”)

References

Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes

Saterland Frisian

Etymology

From Old Frisian in, from Proto-West Germanic *in. Cognates include West Frisian yn and German in.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɪn/
Hyphenation: in
Rhymes: -ɪn

Preposition

in (neuter or distal adverb deerin, proximal adverb hierin, interrogative adverb wierin)

in, inside
in, into

Related terms

ien

References

Marron C. Fort (2015), “in”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *jьnъ.

Adjective

in (Cyrillic spelling ин)

(rare, archaic) other

Declension

indefinite forms

singular		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative		in	ina	ino
genitive		ina	ine	ina
dative		inu	inoj	inu
accusative	inanimate animate	in ina	inu	ino
vocative		in	ina	ino
locative		inu	inoj	inu
instrumental		inim	inom	inim
plural		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative		ini	ine	ina
genitive		inih	inih	inih
dative		inim(a)	inim(a)	inim(a)
accusative		ine	ine	ina
vocative		ini	ine	ina
locative		inim(a)	inim(a)	inim(a)
instrumental		inim(a)	inim(a)	inim(a)

definite forms

singular		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative		ini	ina	ino
genitive		inog(a)	ine	inog(a)
dative		inom(u/e)	inoj	inom(u/e)
accusative	inanimate animate	ini inog(a)	inu	ino
vocative		ini	ina	ino
locative		inom(e/u)	inoj	inom(e/u)
instrumental		inim	inom	inim
plural		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative		ini	ine	ina
genitive		inih	inih	inih
dative		inim(a)	inim(a)	inim(a)
accusative		ine	ine	ina
vocative		ini	ine	ina
locative		inim(a)	inim(a)	inim(a)
instrumental		inim(a)	inim(a)	inim(a)

Synonyms

drugi

Related terms

inače
inostranstvo
inozemstvo

References

Budmani, Pero (1887-1891), "Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika" Volume III, p. 827

Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *i.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /in/

Conjunction

in

and

Synonyms

i (dialectal)

Sumerian

Romanization

in

Romanization of 𒅔 (in)

Swedish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɪn/
audio (file)

Adverb

in

into, to in
Antonym: ut (“to out”)
Han gick in ― He walked in ("to in")
Han gick inne ― He was walking around inside (for comparison)
De går in ― They're walking in ("to in")
Han gick in i rummet ― He walked into the room
Han är inne i rummet ― He is in the room

Anagrams

ni

Turkish

Etymology 1

From Ottoman Turkish این‎ (in), from Proto-Turkic *in (“lair, burrow”). Cognate with Kazakh ін (ın).

Noun

in (definite accusative ini, plural inler)

lair, den, burrow
cave

Declension

Inflection

Nominative

in

Definite accusative

ini

Singular

Plural

Nominative

in

inler

Definite accusative

ini

inleri

Dative

ine

inlere

Locative

inde

inlerde

Ablative

inden

inlerden

Genitive

inin

inlerin

Possessive forms
Nominative
	Singular	Plural
1st singular	inim	inlerim
2nd singular	inin	inlerin
3rd singular	ini	inleri
1st plural	inimiz	inlerimiz
2nd plural	ininiz	inleriniz
3rd plural	inleri	inleri
Definite accusative
	Singular	Plural
1st singular	inimi	inlerimi
2nd singular	inini	inlerini
3rd singular	inini	inlerini
1st plural	inimizi	inlerimizi
2nd plural	ininizi	inlerinizi
3rd plural	inlerini	inlerini
Dative
	Singular	Plural
1st singular	inime	inlerime
2nd singular	inine	inlerine
3rd singular	inine	inlerine
1st plural	inimize	inlerimize
2nd plural	ininize	inlerinize
3rd plural	inlerine	inlerine
Locative
	Singular	Plural
1st singular	inimde	inlerimde
2nd singular	ininde	inlerinde
3rd singular	ininde	inlerinde
1st plural	inimizde	inlerimizde
2nd plural	ininizde	inlerinizde
3rd plural	inlerinde	inlerinde
Ablative
	Singular	Plural
1st singular	inimden	inlerimden
2nd singular	ininden	inlerinden
3rd singular	ininden	inlerinden
1st plural	inimizden	inlerimizden
2nd plural	ininizden	inlerinizden
3rd plural	inlerinden	inlerinden
Genitive
	Singular	Plural
1st singular	inimin	inlerimin
2nd singular	ininin	inlerinin
3rd singular	ininin	inlerinin
1st plural	inimizin	inlerimizin
2nd plural	ininizin	inlerinizin
3rd plural	inlerinin	inlerinin

References

Redhouse, James W. (1890), “این”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 308

Verb

in

second-person singular imperative of inmek

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

(Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [ʔin˧˧]
(Huế) IPA^(key): [ʔin˧˧]
(Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA^(key): [ʔɨn˧˧]
Audio (Hồ Chí Minh City) (file)

Etymology 1

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 印 (“to print”, SV: ấn).

Verb

in

to print

Derived terms

máy in (“printer”)
in ấn (“printing”)

Adjective

in

(only in compounds) perfectly fitted

Derived terms

vừa in

Anagrams

ni

Volapük

Preposition

in

in

Welsh

Alternative forms

i ni, inni

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɪn/

Pronoun

in

(literary) first-person plural of i

West Frisian

Etymology

Shortened from ien (“one”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ən/

Determiner

in

a, an; indefinite article

Yola

Preposition

in

Alternative form of i (“in”)
- 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3:
  At by mizluck was ee-pit t'drive in.
  Who by misluck was placed to drive in.

References

Jacob Poole (1867), William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, page 84

Yoruba

Pronunciation

(mid-tone): IPA^(key): /ĩ̄/
(high-tone): IPA^(key): /ĩ́/

Pronoun

in

him, her, it (third-person singular non-honorific object pronoun following a monosyllabic verb with a high-tone /ĩ/)

Pronoun

ín

him, her, it (third-person singular non-honorific object pronoun following a monosyllabic verb with a low- or mid-tone /ĩ/)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ĩ̀/

Pronoun

ìn

(Ekiti) you, Alternative form of ẹ (“(second-person plural or honorific personal pronoun)”)

Zou

In khet.

Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *ʔim, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kim (“house, womb”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ǐn/

Noun

ín

house

Derived terms

inva

References

Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 41
Philip Thanglienmang (2014), “Zou Tonology”, in Indian Linguistics, volume 75, issue 1-2, ISSN 0378-0759

[1] 1859, Alexander Mansfield, Law Dictionary

[2] Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2003), D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 379, pages 238–39