-in

See also: Appendix:Variations of "in"

English

Etymology 1

Clipping of -ine.

Suffix

-in

(biochemistry) Used, as a modification of -ine, to form the names of a variety of types of compound; examples include proteins (globulin), carbohydrates (dextrin), dyes (alizarin) and others (vanillin).
1. a neutral chemical compound
  albumin, casein, chitin, pepsin, saponin
2. an enzyme
  renin, pancreatin
3. an antibiotic
  penicillin, streptomycin
4. a pharmaceutical product
  cobalamin, niacin, vitamin

Derived terms

English terms suffixed with -in

Etymology 2

From the particle in, modelled after sit-in. Compare -off.

Suffix

-in

Attached to a word (usually a verb) to denote a protest, demonstration or other type of gathering characterized by the activity denoted by the base word.

Derived terms

bed-in
be-in
die-in
gay-in
kiss-in
lie-in
love-in
marry-in
nurse-in
ogle-in
sing-in
sit-in
swim-in
teach-in

Etymology 3

Clipping of -ing.

Alternative forms

-in’

Suffix

-in

(proscribed, dialect) Alternative form of -ing.

Suffix

-in

Alternative form of -en
‎elf + ‎-in → ‎elfin

Anagrams

N.I., NI, ni

Azerbaijani

Suffix

	preceding vowel
	A / I	E / Ə / İ	O / U	Ö / Ü
postconsonantal	-ın	-in	-un	-ün
postvocalic	-n

-in

Reflexive suffix.
‎örtmək (“to cover”) + ‎-ün → ‎örtünmək (“to cover oneself”)
‎gizləmək (“to hide”) + ‎-n → ‎gizlənmək (“to hide oneself”)
Suffix creating other types of verbs from other verbs.

Usage notes

Verbs with monosyllabic vowel-ending stems generally take a y before the suffixes -il, -in, or -iş:

‎demək (“to say”) + ‎-in → ‎deyinmək (“to say to oneself, to mutter”)

Derived terms

Azerbaijani terms suffixed with -in (reflexive)

Azerbaijani terms suffixed with -in

Suffix

	preceding vowel
	A / I	E / Ə / İ	O / U	Ö / Ü
postconsonantal	-ın	-in	-un	-ün
postvocalic	-n

-in

Suffix creating nouns from verbs.

Declension

Declension of -in
	singular	plural
nominative	-in	-inlər
definite accusative	-ini	-inləri
dative	-inə	-inlərə
locative	-ində	-inlərdə
ablative	-indən	-inlərdən
definite genitive	-inin	-inlərin

Possessive forms of -in
	nominative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	-inim	-inlərim
sənin (“your”)	-inin	-inlərin
onun (“his/her/its”)	-ini	-inləri
bizim (“our”)	-inimiz	-inlərimiz
sizin (“your”)	-ininiz	-inləriniz
onların (“their”)	-ini or -inləri	-inləri
	accusative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	-inimi	-inlərimi
sənin (“your”)	-inini	-inlərini
onun (“his/her/its”)	-inini	-inlərini
bizim (“our”)	-inimizi	-inlərimizi
sizin (“your”)	-ininizi	-inlərinizi
onların (“their”)	-inini or -inlərini	-inlərini
	dative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	-inimə	-inlərimə
sənin (“your”)	-ininə	-inlərinə
onun (“his/her/its”)	-ininə	-inlərinə
bizim (“our”)	-inimizə	-inlərimizə
sizin (“your”)	-ininizə	-inlərinizə
onların (“their”)	-ininə or -inlərinə	-inlərinə
	locative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	-inimdə	-inlərimdə
sənin (“your”)	-inində	-inlərində
onun (“his/her/its”)	-inində	-inlərində
bizim (“our”)	-inimizdə	-inlərimizdə
sizin (“your”)	-ininizdə	-inlərinizdə
onların (“their”)	-inində or -inlərində	-inlərində
	ablative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	-inimdən	-inlərimdən
sənin (“your”)	-inindən	-inlərindən
onun (“his/her/its”)	-inindən	-inlərindən
bizim (“our”)	-inimizdən	-inlərimizdən
sizin (“your”)	-ininizdən	-inlərinizdən
onların (“their”)	-inindən or -inlərindən	-inlərindən
	genitive
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	-inimin	-inlərimin
sənin (“your”)	-ininin	-inlərinin
onun (“his/her/its”)	-ininin	-inlərinin
bizim (“our”)	-inimizin	-inlərimizin
sizin (“your”)	-ininizin	-inlərinizin
onların (“their”)	-ininin or -inlərinin	-inlərinin

Derived terms

Azerbaijani terms suffixed with -in (nominal)

Suffix

	preceding vowel
	A / I	E / Ə / İ	O / U	Ö / Ü
postconsonantal except after L	-ıl	-il	-ul	-ül
after L	-ın	-in	-un	-ün
postvocalic	-n

-in

Form of -il (“[passive suffix]”) after the vowels E / Ə / İ with the consonant L.

Derived terms

See -il.

Chuukese

Suffix

-in

of
Synonym: -en

Czech

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɪn/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *-inъ.

Suffix

-in f

Suffix deriving possessive adjectives from nouns of feminine gender, usually from proper and common personal nouns, sometimes also from nouns referring to animals.
matčin bratr ― mother's brother

Declension

Declension of -in

singular
	masculine animate	masculine inanimate	feminine	neuter
nominative	-in		-ina	-ino
genitive	-ina		-iny	-ina
dative	-inu		-ině	-inu
accusative	-ina	-in	-inu	-ino
vocative	-in		-ina	-ino
locative	-ině
instrumental	-iným		-inou	-iným
plural
	masculine animate	masculine inanimate	feminine	neuter
nominative	-ini	-iny		-ina
genitive	-iných
dative	-iným
accusative	-iny			-ina
vocative	-ini	-iny		-ina
locative	-iných
instrumental	-inými

Derived terms

Czech terms suffixed with -in

Related terms

-ův

Etymology 2

From Latin -īnus, from Ancient Greek -ινος (-inos).

Suffix

-in m inan

(chemistry) -ine (suffix used to form names of chemical substances)
adenin ― adenine
olomoucin ― olomoucine

Declension

Declension of -in

	singular	plural
nominative	-in	-iny
genitive	-in	-inů
dative	-inu	-inům
accusative	-in	-iny
vocative	-ine	-iny
locative	-inu	-inech
instrumental	-inem	-iny

Dutch

Alternative forms

-inne (obsolete)

Etymology

From Middle Dutch -inne, from Old Dutch *-inna, from Proto-Germanic *-inī.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɪn/
Audio (file)

Suffix

-in f (plural -innen, diminutive -innetje)

Forms nouns for the female counterpart of something.
Synonyms: -e, -egge, -es, -ster

Derived terms

Dutch terms suffixed with -in

Descendants

Afrikaans: -in

Finnish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-in (instrumental suffix), probably from Proto-Uralic *-ma.

Suffix

-in

Forms inanimate instrumental nouns from verbs.
‎avata (“to open”) + ‎-in → ‎avain (“key”)
‎keittää (“to cook, boil”) + ‎-in → ‎keitin (“appliance for cooking/boiling”)
‎puhella (“to chat, chatter”) + ‎-in → ‎puhelin (“telephone”)
Forms some diminutive nouns.

Declension

Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)

Inflection of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation)
nominative		-in	-imet
genitive		-imen	-imien -inten
partitive		-inta	-imia
illative		-imeen	-imiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-in	-imet
accusative	nom.	-in	-imet
accusative	gen.	-imen	-imet
genitive		-imen	-imien -inten
partitive		-inta	-imia
inessive		-imessa	-imissa
elative		-imesta	-imista
illative		-imeen	-imiin
adessive		-imella	-imilla
ablative		-imelta	-imilta
allative		-imelle	-imille
essive		-imena	-imina
translative		-imeksi	-imiksi
instructive		—	-imin
abessive		-imetta	-imitta
comitative		—	-imineen

Possessive forms of -in (type kytkin)
possessor	singular	plural
1st person	-imeni	-imemme
2nd person	-imesi	-imenne
3rd person	-imensa

Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)

Inflection of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation)
nominative		-in	-imet
genitive		-imen	-imien -inten
partitive		-intä	-imiä
illative		-imeen	-imiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-in	-imet
accusative	nom.	-in	-imet
accusative	gen.	-imen	-imet
genitive		-imen	-imien -inten
partitive		-intä	-imiä
inessive		-imessä	-imissä
elative		-imestä	-imistä
illative		-imeen	-imiin
adessive		-imellä	-imillä
ablative		-imeltä	-imiltä
allative		-imelle	-imille
essive		-imenä	-iminä
translative		-imeksi	-imiksi
instructive		—	-imin
abessive		-imettä	-imittä
comitative		—	-imineen

Possessive forms of -in (type kytkin)
possessor	singular	plural
1st person	-imeni	-imemme
2nd person	-imesi	-imenne
3rd person	-imensä

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -in (instrumental)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-in (superlative suffix) (related to Karelian -in), probably from Proto-Uralic *-ma. The oblique stem -impA, -immA is influenced by the oblique stem -mpA, -mmA of comparatives.

Suffix

-in

Forms superlative adjectives.
‎heikko (“weak”) + ‎-in → ‎heikoin (“weakest”)
‎matala (“low, shallow”) + ‎-in → ‎matalin (“lowest, shallowest”)
‎ruma (“ugly”) + ‎-in → ‎rumin (“ugliest”)
‎suuri (“large, big”) + ‎-in → ‎suurin (“largest, biggest”)

Declension

Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)

Inflection of -in (Kotus type 36/sisin, mp-mm gradation)
nominative		-in	-immat
genitive		-imman	-impien -inten
partitive		-inta	-impia
illative		-impaan	-impiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-in	-immat
accusative	nom.	-in	-immat
accusative	gen.	-imman	-immat
genitive		-imman	-impien -inten -impain^rare
partitive		-inta	-impia
inessive		-immassa	-immissa
elative		-immasta	-immista
illative		-impaan	-impiin
adessive		-immalla	-immilla
ablative		-immalta	-immilta
allative		-immalle	-immille
essive		-impana	-impina
translative		-immaksi	-immiksi
instructive		—	-immin
abessive		-immatta	-immitta
comitative		—	-impine

Possessive forms of -in (type sisin)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
possessor	singular	plural
1st person	-impani	-impamme
2nd person	-impasi	-impanne
3rd person	-impansa

Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)

Inflection of -in (Kotus type 36/sisin, mp-mm gradation)
nominative		-in	-immät
genitive		-immän	-impien -inten
partitive		-intä	-impiä
illative		-impään	-impiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-in	-immät
accusative	nom.	-in	-immät
accusative	gen.	-immän	-immät
genitive		-immän	-impien -inten -impäin^rare
partitive		-intä	-impiä
inessive		-immässä	-immissä
elative		-immästä	-immistä
illative		-impään	-impiin
adessive		-immällä	-immillä
ablative		-immältä	-immiltä
allative		-immälle	-immille
essive		-impänä	-impinä
translative		-immäksi	-immiksi
instructive		—	-immin
abessive		-immättä	-immittä
comitative		—	-impine

Possessive forms of -in (type sisin)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
possessor	singular	plural
1st person	-impäni	-impämme
2nd person	-impäsi	-impänne
3rd person	-impänsä

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -in (superlative)

Etymology 3

See -n.

Suffix

-in

Instructive plural suffix.
kaksin käsin ― with two hands
paljain silmin ― with bare eyes
pitkin askelin ― with long steps
hyvissä ajoin ― in good time

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -in (instructive)

Etymology 4

Probably by metathesis.

Suffix

-in

(poetic) A variant for the first-person singular possessive suffix -ni.
rakkaani = rakkain
syödäkseni = syödäksein

Usage notes

The use of this suffix is restricted to cases where it is not preceded by a labial vowel (o, u, y, ö), the vowel i, a long vowel (it is shortened if necessary) or a diphthong (since it itself forms a diphthong). It is not used if the resulting word would be monosyllabic.

Etymology 5

From Proto-Finnic *-den (genitive plural suffix for some nouns), from the nominative plural ending *-t + genitive ending *-n (with an epenthetic *-e-).

Suffix

-in

(rare) Forms the genitive plural.

Usage notes

Suffixed to the nominative singular but the final -i changes to -e-.
Note, however, that the more common suffix for the genitive plural is -en added to the plural stem ending with i or j. A link consonant d is also sometimes present.
Nowadays this suffix is rare and usually gives an archaic tone. Certain proper nouns, however, retain this, e.g. Yhdysvaltain, from Yhdysvallat ("United States", singular stem Yhdysvalta-), where also the more modern form Yhdysvaltojen is possible.

Suffix

-in

Suffix variant for the illative singular, see -Vn.

Anagrams

-ni

French

Etymology

From Latin -īnus, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɛ̃/

Suffix

-in (feminine -ine, masculine plural -ins, feminine plural -ines)

forms adjectives indicating a quality; -ish, -ic
‎enfant (“child”) + ‎-in → ‎enfantin (“childish”)

Suffix

-in m (plural -ins, feminine -ine)

forms nouns with a diminutive or pejorative quality
‎plaisant (“pleasant”) + ‎-in → ‎plaisantin (“joker, wiseass”)
‎ours (“bear”) + ‎-in → ‎oursin (“urchin”)
‎crotte (“animal dropping”) + ‎-in → ‎crottin (“manure”)

Derived terms

French terms suffixed with -in

German

Etymology 1

From Middle High German -inne, -in, from Old High German -inna, -in, from Proto-West Germanic *-ini, from Proto-Germanic *-inī.

Alternative forms

-inn, -inne (both obsolete)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɪn/, [ɪn]
Audio (file)
For speakers who realise -en as [ən], the distinction between both may at times be weak. However, most speakers have a syllabic nasal in -en and hence keep a very clear distinction.

Suffix

-in f (genitive -in, plural -innen)

creates the female form for many nouns for living beings; umlaut usually occurs in monosyllables, but rarely in polysyllables
‎Arbeitgeber (“employer”) + ‎-in → ‎Arbeitgeberin (“employer (female person or sexless company)”)
‎Autor (“author”) + ‎-in → ‎Autorin (“author (female person, i.e. a female author or authoress, or sexless company, abstract thing)”)
‎Gott (“god”) + ‎-in → ‎Göttin (“female god, goddess”)
‎Hund (“dog”) + ‎-in → ‎Hündin (“female dog, she-dog, bitch”)
‎Katze f (“cat”) + ‎-in → ‎Kätzin (“female cat, she-cat”)
‎Sänger (“singer”) + ‎-in → ‎Sängerin (“female singer”)
‎Pastor (“pastor”) + ‎-in → ‎Pastorin (“female pastor”)
1. (dated) names the wife of a person
  ‎Pastor (“pastor”) + ‎-in → ‎Pastorin (“wife of a pastor”)
2. (dated) creates female personal names (for wives and daughters)
  Schwarz (proper noun) → Schwarzin (a female person with the name Schwarz, that is the wife or daughter of someone named Schwarz)
  - 1743, Grosses vollständiges Universal Lexicon aller Wissenschaften und Künste, Welche bishero durch menschlichen Verstand und Witz erfunden und verbessert worden […] Fünf und Dreyßigster Band Schle-Schwa, Leipzig & Hallle, p. 2007:
    Schwartzin, (Sibylle) […] war eine Tochter Christian Schwartzens, […] gebohren 1621 […] und starb 1638 den 13 Jul.
    Schwartz (Sibylle [given name]) […] was a daughter of Christian Schwartz, […] born in 1621 […] and died on 13th July 1638.

Etymology 2

From Latin -inus, from Ancient Greek -ινος (-inos).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /-ˈiːn/
Audio (file)

Suffix

-in n (genitive -ins, plural -ine)

(chemistry) -yne; -ine

Derived terms

German terms suffixed with -in

Ido

Suffix

-in

See -in-.

Indonesian

Etymology

From Betawi -in, from Balinese -in.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɪn/

Suffix

-in

(informal, slang)Used to indicate transitive imperative verbs
Beliin dong. ("please buy")

Synonyms

-kan (formal)

Ingrian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-inen. Cognates include Finnish -inen, -nen and Estonian -ne.

Pronunciation

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-ine/, [-ine̞], /-ne/, [-ne̞]

(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-in/, [-in]

Suffix

-in

Forms adjectives indicating the material of which something is made; -en
‎puu (“wood”) + ‎-in → ‎puin (“wooden”)
Forms diminutive nouns; -ie
‎lintu (“bird”) + ‎-in → ‎lintuin (“birdie”)

Declension

(back-vocalic)

Declension of -in (type 1/kärpäin, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	-in	-iset
genitive	-isen	-isiin
partitive	-ista, -ist	-isia
illative	-isee	-isii
inessive	-isees	-isiis
elative	-isest	-isist
allative	-iselle	-isille
adessive	-iseel	-isiil
ablative	-iselt	-isilt
translative	-iseks	-isiks
essive	-isenna, -iseen	-isinna, -isiin
exessive¹⁾	-isent	-isint
¹⁾ obsolete ^) the accusative* corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) ^) the comitative** is formed by adding the suffix -ka^? or -kä^? to the genitive.

(front-vocalic)

Declension of -in (type 1/kärpäin, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	-in	-iset
genitive	-isen	-isiin
partitive	-istä, -ist	-isiä
illative	-isee	-isii
inessive	-isees	-isiis
elative	-isest	-isist
allative	-iselle	-isille
adessive	-iseel	-isiil
ablative	-iselt	-isilt
translative	-iseks	-isiks
essive	-isennä, -iseen	-isinnä, -isiin
exessive¹⁾	-isent	-isint
¹⁾ obsolete ^) the accusative* corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) ^) the comitative** is formed by adding the suffix -ka^? or -kä^? to the genitive.

Derived terms

Ingrian terms suffixed with -in

Related terms

-hiin

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-in/, [-in]

(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-in/, [-in]

Suffix

-in

first-person singular present indicative of -issa

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-in/, [-in]

(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-in/, [-in]

Suffix

-in

inflection of -ia:
1. first-person singular present indicative
2. first-person singular past indicative

Irish

Suffix

-in f

(biochemistry) -in

Declension

Declension of -in

Second declension

Bare forms (no plural form of this noun)

Case	Singular
Nominative	-in
Vocative	a -in
Genitive	-ine
Dative	-in

Forms with the definite article

Case	Singular
Nominative	an -in
Genitive	na -ine
Dative	leis an -in don -in

Japanese

Romanization

-in

Rōmaji transcription of いん

Livvi

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-in. Cognates include Finnish -in and Estonian -i.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /-in/

Suffix

-in

Forms inanimate instrumental nouns from verbs.
‎avata (“to open”) + ‎-in → ‎avain (“key”)

Derived terms

Livvi terms suffixed with -in

Luxembourgish

Etymology

From Middle High German -inne, -in, -īn. Compare German -in.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /in/

Suffix

-in

used to form the female versions of agent nouns

Derived terms

Luxembourgish terms suffixed with -in

Maltese

Etymology

From Arabic ين‎ (-īn), oblique case form of ون‎ (-ūn), masculine personal plural suffix.

Suffix

-in

a common plural suffix
1. used in most nouns and adjectives derived with the native suffix -i
  baħri (“sailor”) → baħrin (“sailors”)
  Malti (“Maltese”) → Maltin
2. used in participles and some other native adjectives
  maqtugħ (“cut, cut-off”) → maqtugħin
  ħelu (“sweet”) → ħelwin

Marshallese

Alternative forms

in

Pronunciation

(phonetic) IPA^(key): [ʲ‿inʲ, ˠ‿inʲ, ˠ‿ɯnʲ, ʷ‿inʲ, ʷ‿unʲ]
(phonemic) IPA^(key): /-inʲ/
Bender phonemes: {-in}

Suffix

-in

of
from
for

Usage notes

This suffix is combined with nouns to create construct forms.

References

Marshallese–English Online Dictionary

Middle Dutch

Etymology

From Old Dutch *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

Suffix

-in

-en; creates adjectives for the material of which something is made.

Alternative forms

-ijn
-en

Derived terms

Middle Dutch terms suffixed with -in

Descendants

Dutch: -en

Northern Sami

Etymology 1

From Proto-Samic *-jnē, originally the essive case of a possessive adjective in *-j-.

Suffix

-in

The ending of the comitative singular case.

Usage notes

This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Samic *-jnē, originally the plural essive form.

Suffix

-in

The ending of the locative plural case.

Usage notes

This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

Ojibwe

Final

-in

act on by hand (often with a sense of holding an object)

Derived terms

aabaabiigin
aabaabiiginan
dagon
dakon
dakonan
giziibiigin
giziibiiginan
zinigonan
ziikoobiiginan

Suffix

-in

A suffix denoting the first-person singular to second-person singular form of a transitive animate verb (vta)

Suffix

-in

A local inverse them sign denoting that the second-person prefix gi- is the theme (object) of a transitive animate verb (vta) while the first-person agent (subject) is denoted by the verbal suffixes.

References

The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/in-final
The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/in-final-654923

Old High German

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

Suffix

-īn

used to create adjectives from nouns
‎stein (“stone”) + ‎-īn → ‎steinīn (“made of stone”)
‎gold (“gold”) + ‎-īn → ‎guldīn (“golden”)

Descendants

German: -en

Old Norse

Suffix

-in

inflection of -inn (adjective suffix):
1. positive degree strong feminine nominative singular
2. positive degree strong neuter nominative/accusative plural
inflection of -inn (participle suffix):
1. strong feminine nominative singular
2. strong neuter nominative/accusative plural
inflection of -inn (definite article suffix):
1. feminine nominative singular
2. neuter nominative/accusative plural

Old Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-inъ.

Suffix

-in

Forms adjectives.

Derived terms

Old Polish terms suffixed with -in

Descendants

Polish: -iny, -in

Pali

Alternative forms

-𑀇𑀦𑁆 (Brahmi script)
-इन् (Devanagari script)
-ইন্ (Bengali script)
-ඉන් (Sinhalese script)
-ဣန် or -ဢိၼ် (Burmese script)
-อินฺ or -อิน (Thai script)
-ᩍᨶ᩺ (Tai Tham script)
-ອິນ຺ or -ອິນ (Lao script)
-ឥន៑ (Khmer script)
-𑄃𑄨𑄚𑄴 (Chakma script)

Suffix

-in

Adjective in -ī/-inī/-i, meaning possessing what is denoted by the base.

Usage notes

Independent vowels and vowel bearers are shown in the list of alternative forms to accord with basic grammar rules. These are converted to dependent vowels when the suffix is used.

Derived terms

Words using this suffix are listed in their own category. Note that normally only the Latin script forms are listed, as etymology sections are normally restricted to the Latin script form.

Pali terms suffixed with -in

Polish

Alternative forms

-yn

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /in/
Audio (file)
Rhymes: -in
Syllabification: in

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-in m inan

(chemistry) -ite
‎arsen + ‎-in → ‎arsenin

Declension

Declension of -in

	singular	plural
nominative	-in	-iny
genitive	-inu	-inów
dative	-inowi	-inom
accusative	-in	-iny
instrumental	-inem	-inami
locative	-inie	-inach
vocative	-inie	-iny

Derived terms

Polish terms suffixed with -in

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Polish -in, from Proto-Slavic *-inъ.

Suffix

-in

Alternative form of -iny.

Portuguese

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈĩ/

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈĩ/

Suffix

-in

Pronunciation spelling of -inho.

Related terms

-im, -in'

Scots

Alternative forms

-in', -ing

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɪn/, /ɪŋ/

Etymology 1

From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, -ung, from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu.

Suffix

-in

Used to form present participles of verbs.
Used to form nouns from verbs.

Etymology 2

From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing.

Suffix

-in

Forms diminutives or to form collectives.

References

“-in, suff.” in the Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries.

Spanish

Suffix

-in

Alternative form of -ing.

Tagalog

Alternative forms

-hin
-nin
-rin

Etymology

From Proto-Philippine *-ən, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-ən, from Proto-Austronesian *-ən.

Pronunciation

(standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ʔin/, [ʔɪn]
(colloquial) IPA^(key): /ʔen/, [ʔen]

Suffix

-in

Verb suffix
1. object trigger: to perform the action of the verb to someone or something
  Lulutuin ko ang isda. ― I will cook the fish. (literally: The fish will be cooked by me.) (The fish is focused.)
2. directional trigger: to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of
  Dinalaw namin ang lola ni Olivia. ― We visited the grandmother of Olivia. (literally: Olivia's grandmother was visited by us.) (The grandmother is focused.)
3. actor trigger: to be affected or overtaken by a condition, feeling or phenomenon
  Binabaha ang bahay niya. ― His house gets flooded. (His house is focused.)
4. object trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there
  Iniisip ko minsan ang nakaraan ko. ― I sometimes think about my past. (literally: My past is sometimes thought about by me.) (My past is focused.)
Adjective-forming suffix: prone to, susceptible to
‎lagnat (“fever”) + ‎-in → ‎lagnatin (“prone to fever”)
‎sakit (“illness”) + ‎-in → ‎sakitin (“prone to illness”)
an object of the action expressed by the root
‎awit (“singing, song”) + ‎-in → ‎awitin (“song”)
‎aral (“lesson, studying”) + ‎-in → ‎aralin (“studies”)
(Quezon) nature and origin suffix
‎Quezon (“province”) + ‎-in → ‎Quezonin (“a native of Quezon”)
‎Sampaloc (“municipality”) + ‎-in → ‎Sampalukin (“a native of Sampaloc, Quezon”)
‎bayan (“town center or poblacion”) + ‎-in → ‎bayanin (“a local from the town center”)
‎linang (“farm or remote area”) + ‎-in → ‎linangin (“a local from the farm”)

Usage notes

Normally, /h/ is inserted before -in when the root word ends with a vowel that is not followed by a glottal stop. In some cases, phoneme change can occur and /h/ becomes /n/ or /r/.
‎sabi + ‎-hin → ‎sabihin
‎talo + ‎-nin → ‎talunin
‎sala + ‎-rin → ‎salarin

Sometimes, the final vowel of the root word disappears when the suffix is added.
‎sunod + ‎-in → ‎sundin
‎kamit + ‎-in → ‎kamtin

Due to allophony, /d/ turns into /r/ when inserted before -in.
‎hangad + ‎-in → ‎hangarin
‎baligtad + ‎-in → ‎baligtarin
‎bayad + ‎-in → ‎bayarin

Derived terms

Tagalog terms suffixed with -in

Turkish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Turkic *-niŋ.

Suffix

-in

Genitive case suffix for the nouns which end in a consonant
‎öğretmen (“teacher”) + ‎-in → ‎öğretmenin (“teacher's/of the teacher”)

Usage notes

It's used only when the word's last vowel is "e" or "i". It may change into -ün, -ın and -un according to the last vowel of the word.
‎yüz + ‎-ün → ‎yüzün (the last vowel is "ö" or "ü")
‎saç + ‎-ın → ‎saçın (the last vowel is "a" or "ı")
‎yol + ‎-un → ‎yolun (the last vowel is "o" or "u")
If the word ends in "p", "ç", "t" or "k", it may change them into "b", "c", "d" and "ğ" (see below).
‎sebep + ‎-in → ‎sebebin
‎köpek + ‎-in → ‎köpeğin
‎çekiç + ‎-in → ‎çekicin
‎senet + ‎-in → ‎senedin
It may cause the last vowel of the word dropped.
‎beyin + ‎-in → ‎beynin
If the word ends in a vowel, it's used with an auxiliary consonant; "n".
‎peri + ‎-nin → ‎perinin
It must be used with an apostrophe if it's appended to a proper noun. It cannot cause consonant voicing (point 3).
‎Canberk + ‎-in → ‎Canberk'in

Etymology 2

From Proto-Turkic *-iŋ.

Suffix

-in

Second-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession in words ending in a consonant.
‎ev (“house”) + ‎-in → ‎evin (“your house”)
‎ofis (“office”) + ‎-in → ‎ofisin (“your office”)

Usage notes

If the noun ends in a vowel, it becomes -n
‎kedi + ‎-n → ‎kedin
It's used only when the word's last vowel is "e" or "i". It may change into -ün, -ın and -un according to the last vowel of the word.
‎yüz + ‎-ün → ‎yüzün (the last vowel is "ö" or "ü")
‎saç + ‎-ın → ‎saçın (the last vowel is "a" or "ı")
‎yol + ‎-un → ‎yolun (the last vowel is "o" or "u")
If the word ends in "p", "ç", "t" or "k", it may change them into "b", "c", "d" and "ğ".
‎sebep + ‎-in → ‎sebebin
‎köpek + ‎-in → ‎köpeğin
‎çekiç + ‎-in → ‎çekicin
‎senet + ‎-in → ‎senedin
It may cause the last vowel of the word dropped.
‎beyin + ‎-in → ‎beynin
It must be used with an apostrophe if it's appended to a proper noun.
‎Canberk + ‎-in → ‎Canberk'in

Suffix

-in

Reflexive suffix
‎giy- (“to wear”) + ‎-in → ‎giyin- (“to dress oneself”)

Welsh

Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *-in, from Proto-Celtic *-īnos, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɪn/
Rhymes: -ɪn

Suffix

-in f

forms nouns characterised by root
‎hesb (“barren, sterile”) + ‎-in → ‎hesbin (“young ewe”)
‎crib (“comb”) + ‎-in → ‎cribin (“rake”)
(obsolete) forms adjectives from nouns, usually nouns of material
‎pridd (“soil, earth”) + ‎-in → ‎priddin (“earthen”)
‎aur (“gold”) + ‎-in → ‎eurin (“golden”)
‎lledr (“leather”) + ‎-in → ‎lledrin (“leathern”)
forms adjectives from other adjectives
‎garw (“rough”) + ‎-in → ‎gerwin (“severe, harsh”)

Derived terms

Welsh terms suffixed with -in

References

R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-in”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

Wolof

Suffix

-in

forms nouns of manner
‎dox (“to walk”) + ‎-in → ‎doxin (“gait, walk, stride”)
‎sol (“to put on a garment of clothing”) + ‎-in → ‎colin (“a manner of dressing”)

-in

English

Etymology 1

Suffix

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Suffix

Derived terms

Further reading

Etymology 3

Alternative forms

Suffix

Suffix

Anagrams

Azerbaijani

Suffix

Usage notes

Derived terms

Suffix

Declension

Derived terms

Suffix

Derived terms

Chuukese

Suffix

Czech

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Suffix

Declension

Derived terms

Related terms

Further reading

Etymology 2

Suffix

Declension

Dutch

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Derived terms

Descendants

Finnish

Etymology 1

Suffix

Declension

Derived terms

See also

Etymology 2

Suffix

Declension

Derived terms

See also

Etymology 3

Suffix

Derived terms

Etymology 4

Suffix

Usage notes

Etymology 5

Suffix

Usage notes

See also

Suffix

Anagrams

French

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Suffix

Derived terms

German

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Suffix

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Suffix