ille

See also: Ille, 'ille, and -ille

Interlingua

Etymology

From Latin.

Adjective

ille

that

Synonyms

aquelle

Pronoun

ille

he

Irish

Contraction

ille

Contraction of i leith.

Latin

Alternative forms

olle (for the pronoun; archaic)

Etymology

From Old Latin olle (“he, that”) (also ollus, olla), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ol-no- or *h₂l̥-no-, from *h₂el- (“beyond, other”). Cognate with Latin uls (“beyond”), alius (“other”), and alter (“the other”); Umbrian ulu (“to that place”), Old Church Slavonic лани (lani, “last year”, literally “in that (year)”).

Initial i- from o- has no parallel case and may be owing to contamination from is, iste or due to the palatalizing effect of l exilis.

Pronunciation

(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈil.le/, [ˈɪlːʲɛ]

(Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈil.le/, [ˈilːe]
Audio (Ecclesiastical) (file)

Determiner

ille (feminine illa, neuter illud); demonstrative pronoun (pronominal)

that; those (in the plural)
- 4th century, St Jerome, Vulgate, Tobit 3:24
  in illo tempore exauditae sunt preces amborum in conspectu gloriae summi Dei
  at that time the prayers of them both were heard in the sight of the glory of the most high God

Derived terms

*ecce ille
*eccum ille

Descendants

Balkan Romance:
- Romanian: ăl, ăla, aia, ăia, alea, ăluia, ăleia, ălora (regional)
Italo-Romance:
- Central Italian: illi (M.PL)
- Old Neapolitan: illo (Salentino)
- Sicilian: iddu
Padanian:
- Ligurian: lò (Pigna)
- Piedmontese: lò
Gallo-Romance:
- Old French: le, la, els (last attested 13th c.)
- Old Occitan: lo
  - Occitan: le (Toulouse)
Ibero-Romance:
- Spanish: lo
Insular Romance:
- Old Sardinian: illu

References

Sornicola, Rosanna. 2011. Per la storia dei dimostrativi romanzi: i tipi neutri [tso], [so], [ço], [tʃo] e la diacronia dei dimostrativi latini. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 127. 1–80. §2.1.2.

Pronoun

ille (feminine illa, neuter illud); demonstrative pronoun (pronominal)

that one; that (thing); those ones (in the plural); those (things); he, she, it
(Late Latin) he, she, it (third-person personal pronoun)
- Late 4th c., Vulgate, Luke 22:38:
  At ille dixit eis: satis est.
  And He said unto them 'It is enough'.

Descendants

Aragonese: el, er, ell, ella, era, els, ers, ells, ellas, eras
Aromanian: el, ea, elj, eali, lui, ljei, lor, ãlj, li, lã, ãl, u
Asturian: él~elli, ella, ello, ellos, elles, ellas
Catalan: ell, ella, ells, elles, llur
Dalmatian: jal, jala, jali, jale, louro
Franco-Provençal: il, ele, ils, eles, lui, lyé, lor, li
Old French: il (M.SG/PL), ele, lei, li, lui, lor, eus
- French: il, elle, ils, elles, lui, leur, eux, lei (dialectal, Burgundy, Normandy)
  - Louisiana French : alle
- Norman: il (M.SG/PL), alle, lei, li, leux
Friulian: lui, jê, lôr
Istriot: el, gila, luri
Italian: egli, ella, lui, lei, loro, lo, la, li, le
Ladin: ëi, i
Megleno-Romanian: iel, ieľ
Neapolitan: lloro, llo/'o, lla, 'a, lle/'e
Galician: el, ela, eles, elas
Occitan: el, ela, eles, elas
Portuguese: ele, ela, eles, elas, o, a, os, as, lhe, lhes, lo, la, los, las, no, na, nos, nas
Romanian: el, ea, ei, ele, lui, ei, lor, îi, le, îl, o
Romansch: el, ella, els, ellas, lur
Sicilian: iddu, idda, iddi
Spanish: él, ella, ello, ellos, ellas, lo, la, los, las, le, les
Venetian: eło/elo, eła, ełe, łorec, łori

Article

ille (definite)

(Late Latin, Medieval Latin, Vulgar Latin) the
- p. 384 CE, Egeria, Itinerarium Egeriae 1.1:
  Intereā ambulantēs peruēnimus ad quendam locum ubi sē tamen montēs illī inter quōs ībāmus aperiēbant
  While we were walking, we arrived at a certain place, where the mountains, through which we went, nevertheless were open

Descendants

Aromanian: -lu, -a
Asturian: el, la, lo, los, les, las
Aragonese: o, lo, ro, el, a, ra, la, os, ros, los, els, ers, es, as, ras, las, les
Bourguignon: lou
Catalan: el, lo, la, els, los, les
Champenois: lou
Dalmatian: el, la, i, le
Franco-Provençal: lo, la, los, les
Old French: li (M.SG/PL.NOM article), le (M.SG.OBL), la (F.SG), les (PL), lu (Norman variant of le), lo (eastern variant of le)
- French: le, la, les
- Bourguignon: le, lai, les, lou (variant of le)
- Champenois: lou, lai, les, lu (Ardennese variant of lou)
- Lorrain: lo, lai, les
- Norman: le, la, les
- Picard: el
- Walloon: li, les
Friulian: il, la, i, lis
Galician: o, a, os, as
Istriot: el, la
Italian: il, lo, la, i, gli, le
Ladin: l, la, i
Neapolitan: llo/'o, lla/'a, lle/'e
Occitan: lo, la, los, las
Old French: li, la, les
Portuguese: o, a, os, as
Romanian: -l, -ul, -a, -ua, -i, -le, -lui, -ei, -lor
Romansch: il, la, ils, las
Sicilian: lu, la, li
Spanish: el, la, lo, los, las
Venetian: el, ła, i, łe

Usage notes

This demonstrative determiner/pronoun is used to refer to a person or thing, or persons or things, away from both speaker and listener. It contrasts with hic (“this”), which refers to people or things near the speaker, and iste (“this/that”), which refers to people or things near the listener.
As Latin had no person pronouns specifically meaning "he", "she" or "it", any of ille, iste, hic or (most frequently) is could assume that function. In Vulgar latin, ille weakened its meaning and frequently came to mean merely "the" (as a determiner) or "he/she/it" (as a pronoun). This is in fact the origin of French le (“the”) and il (“he”), Spanish el (“the”) and él (“he”), etc. The original meaning of a far demonstrative was maintained when augmented with ecce or eccum, cf. Italian quello, Spanish aquel, Old French cel.
In Classical usage, ille can have a secondary, appreciative function of casting the referent in a positive light: ille homō can mean "that (famous/renowned) man". The opposite, pejorative function is assumed by iste, and iste homō frequently means "that (no good) man". Such functions were not present in Vulgar Latin, and iste came to mean "this" (cf. Spanish este, Portuguese este).

Declension

Demonstrative pronoun (pronominal).

Case / Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Number	Singular			Plural
Nominative	ille	illa	illud	illī	illae	illa
Genitive	illī̆us			illōrum	illārum	illōrum
Dative	illī			illīs
Accusative	illum	illam	illud	illōs	illās	illa
Ablative	illō	illā	illō	illīs

Derived terms

eccillum
illic
illim
ōlim

Related terms

Latin correlatives ^(edit)

type	interrogative	indefinite	(medial) demonstrative	proximal demonstrative	distal demonstrative	relative	indefinite relative	identity	other
basic	quis, quī	quis, quī, quīdam, aliquis, aliquī, quisque, quisquam, aliquisquam, quispiam, ūllus	is, iste, istic	hic	ille, illic	quī	quisquis, quīcumque	ipse, īdem	alter, alius
dual	uter	alteruter, uterque				uter	utercumque
number	quot	aliquot	tot			quot	quotquot, quotcumque	totidem
order	quotus		totus			quotus	quotuscumque
quantity	quam	aliquam	tam			quam	†quamquam	†tamen, †tandem
size	quantus	aliquantus	tantus			quantus	quantuscumque	tantusdem
quality	quālis	aliquālis	tālis			quālis	quālis, quāliscumque
manner	ut, quī, quō modō, quōmodo, quemadmodum	utique, quī, quōdam modō, aliquō modō	ita, sic, eō/istō modō	hōc modō	illō modō	ut, quī, quō modō, quōmodo, quemadmodum	utut, utcumque, quōmodocumque	item, itidem	aliter, aliōquī, alterō/aliō modō
method, path, place	quā	aliquā, quāque	eā, istāc	hāc	illāc	quā	quāquā, quācumque	eādem	aliā
place	ubi	alicubi, ubique, usquam, uspiam	ibi, istic	hīc	illīc	ubi	ubiubi, ubicumque	ibidem	alibī, aliās
source	unde	alicunde, undeunde	inde, istinc	hinc	illinc	unde	undecumque	indidem	aliunde
destination	quō, quōrsum	aliquō, quōquam, quōpiam, °aliquōvorsum	eō, istūc, °istōrsum	hūc, °hōrsum	illūc, °illōrsum	quō	quōquō, quōcumque	eōdem	aliō, aliorsum
time	quandō	quondam, aliquandō, quandōque, umquam	tum, tunc	num, nunc	ōlim	cum, quandō	cumque, quandōcumque, quandōque	simul	aliās
exact time	quota hōra		ea/ista hōra	hac hōra	illa hōra	quota hōra	quotacumque hōra	eadem hōra	altera/alia hōra
repetition	quotiēns	aliquotiēns	totiēns			quotiēns	quotiēnscumque
multiplication	quotuplex		totuplex			quotuplex
† Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimulated ° Rare

References

“ille”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ille”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
ille in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
- Pericles, the greatest man of his day: Pericles summus vir illius aetatis
- a man of considerable learning for those times: vir ut temporibus illis doctus
- hence these tears; there's the rub: hinc illae lacrimae (proverb.) (Ter. And. 1. 1. 99; Cael. 25. 61)
- what will become of him: quid illo fiet?
- I console myself with..: hoc (illo) solacio me consōlor
- the memory of this will never fade from my mind: numquam ex animo meo memoria illius rei discedet
- for a Roman he is decidedly well educated: sunt in illo, ut in homine Romano, multae litterae (De Sen. 4. 12)
- those views are out of date: illae sententiae evanuerunt
- those ideas have long ago been given up: illae sententiae iam pridem explosae et eiectae sunt (Fin. 5. 8. 23)
- Solon, one of the seven sages: Solo, unus de septem (illis)
- he possesses sound judgment in matters of taste: elegantia in illo est
- there is a flavour of Atticism about his discourse: ex illius orationibus ipsae Athenae redolent
- that Greek proverb contains an excellent lesson: bene illo Graecorum proverbio praecipitur
- my relations with him are most hospitable: mihi cum illo hospitium est, intercedit
- the aristocracy (as a party in politics): boni cives, optimi, optimates, also simply boni (opp. improbi); illi, qui optimatium causam agunt
- this much he said: haec (quidem) ille
- this passage is obscure: hic (ille) locus obscurus est
- (ambiguous) I console myself with..: haec (illa) res me consolatur
- (ambiguous) Plato's ideal republic: illa civitas Platonis commenticia
- (ambiguous) Plato's ideal republic: illa civitas, quam Plato finxit
Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

Middle English

Alternative forms

ill, il

Etymology

From Old Norse illr, from Proto-Germanic *ilhilaz.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /il/

Adjective

ille

evil; wicked

Descendants

English: ill
Scots: ill
Yola: ill

References

“il(le, adj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology 1

From Old Norse illr.

Adjective

ille (indeclinable, comparative verre, indefinite superlative verst, definite superlative verste)

bad

Etymology 2

From Old Norse illa.

Pronunciation

(Fredrikstad dialect) IPA^(key): [ˈɪ̂l̺.l̺ɛ̝]

Adverb

ille

badly
(Fredrikstad dialect) very
ille bra
very good

Derived terms

illeluktende

References

“ille” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

From the Old Norse adverb illa.

Adverb

ille

unlucky, miserably
ill
hurtful, condescending, enemy
(dialectal, Fredrikstad) very

Derived terms

ille ute
ille stelt

Adjective

ille

bad

Etymology 2

From the Old Norse verb illa.

Alternative forms

illa (a-infinitive)

Verb

ille (present tense illar, past tense illa, past participle illa, passive infinitive illast, present participle illande, imperative ille/ill)

(transitive) to blame, think badly of
(transitive) to anger

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Adjective

ille

definite singular of ill
plural of ill

References

“ille” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Sidamo

Ille.

Etymology

From Proto-Cushitic *ʔil-. Cognates include Burji illa, Hadiyya ille, Kambaata ille and Oromo ija.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈilːe/
Hyphenation: il‧le

Noun

ille f (plural illuwa f)

eye

References

Kazuhiro Kawachi (2007) A grammar of Sidaama (Sidamo), a Cushitic language of Ethiopia, page 544

Tatar

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)Compare Turkish elli, Bashkir илле (ille)

Numeral

ille (Cyrillic spelling илле)

fifty

ille

Interlingua

Etymology

Adjective

Synonyms

Pronoun

Irish

Contraction

Further reading

Latin

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Determiner

Derived terms

Descendants

References

Pronoun

Descendants

Article

Descendants

Usage notes

Declension

Derived terms

Related terms

See also

References

Middle English

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adjective

Descendants

References

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology 1

Adjective

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Adverb

Derived terms

References

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

Adverb

Derived terms

Adjective

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

Verb

Etymology 3

Adjective

References

Sidamo

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

References

Tatar

Etymology

Numeral