-il
Azerbaijani
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [il]
Suffix
preceding vowel | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
A / I | E / Ə / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü | |
postconsonantal except after L | -ıl | -il | -ul | -ül |
after L | -ın | -in | -un | -ün |
postvocalic | -n |
-il
- Passive suffix.[1]
- kəsmək (“to cut”) + -il → kəsilmək (“to get cut, to flunk”)
- almaq (“to buy”) + -ın → alınmaq (“to be bought”)
- eşitmək (“to hear”) + -il → eşidilmək (“to be heard”)
Usage notes
A notable irregularity is görmək, which takes -ün (instead of expected -ül):
- görmək (“to see”) + -ün → görünmək (“to be seen”)
Verbs with monosyllabic vowel-ending stems generally take a y before the suffixes -il, -in, or -iş:
- demək (“to say”) + -il → deyilmək (“to be said”)
Derived terms
References
- Širalijev, Mamedaga; Sevortjan, Ervand (1971), “-il”, in Grammatika azerbajdžanskovo jazyka. Fonetika, morfologija i sintaksis. [Grammar of Azerbaijani language. Phonetics, morphology, syntax.], Baku: Elm, pages 106-108
Interlingua
Etymology
Borrowed from French -ile, Italian -ile, Portuguese -il, all ultimately from Latin -īle.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈil/
Suffix
-il
- forms nouns from nouns, denoting a place where animals are kept
- can (“dog”) + -il → canil (“kennel”)
- tauro (“bull”) + -il → tauril (“bull pen”)
Derived terms
References
- Alexander Gode; Hugh E. Blair (1955) Interlingua: A Grammar of the International Language, →ISBN
Maltese
Etymology
From the syllable -ar in Arabic عَشَر (ʿašar, “ten”). The same alternation between absolute and attributive form is found in most modern dialects of Arabic, though generally with the original consonant r preserved. Compare North Levantine Arabic تنعش (tnaʿš, “twelve”), attributively تنعشر (tnaʿšar).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɪl/
Suffix
-il
- Used to form the attributive form of cardinal numbers 11 to 19.
- erbatax (“fourteen”) → erbatax-il jum (“fourteen days”)
Usage notes
- The suffix is spelt with a hyphen for phonetic reasons. It is, namely, apart from a few recent borrowings from English the only case where preconsonantal i in a final syllable is short. Thus, /ɛrbaˈtaːʃɪl/ is rendered as erbatax-il rather than *erbataxil, which latter should be pronounced */ɛrbataˈʃiːl/.
Middle English
Suffix
-il
- Alternative form of -el (“agentive suffix”)
Northern Sami
Etymology
From Proto-Samic *-jēlē.
Suffix
-il
- Forms adjectives from verbs, indicating an inclination or tendency to perform the verb's action.
- sodjat (“to bend”) + -il → soddjil (“tending to bend, flexible”)
Usage notes
- This suffix triggers the strongest grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Inflection
Odd, no gradation | ||
---|---|---|
Attributive | -ilis | |
Nominative | -il | |
Genitive | -ila | |
Attributive | -ilis | |
Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | -il | -ilat |
Accusative | -ila | -iliid |
Genitive | -ila | -iliid |
Illative | -ilii | -iliidda |
Locative | -ilis | -iliin |
Comitative | -iliin | -iliiguin |
Essive | -ilin |
Derived terms
Portuguese
Suffix
-il m (noun-forming suffix, plural -is)
- indicating a place for holding a specified type of animal
- gato (“cat”) + -il → gatil (“kennel for cats”)
- rede (“net”) + -il → redil (“sheepfold”)
Etymology 2
Borrowed from Latin -īlis.
Suffix
-il m or f (adjective-forming suffix, plural -is)
- -ile (tending to or capable of)
Usage notes
- Most adjectives with this suffix are borrowed as a whole word from Latin rather than formed using this suffix in Portuguese.
Derived terms
Spanish
Etymology
From Latin -īlis.
Suffix
-il m or f
- -ile (indicating relation or pertaining to)
Derived terms
See also
- -al
- -ero
Further reading
- “-il”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Turkish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [il]
Suffix
preceding vowel | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
A / I | E / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü | |
postconsonantal except after L | -ıl | -il | -ul | -ül |
after L | -ın | -in | -un | -ün |
postvocalic | -n |
-il
- Passive suffix.
- kesmek (“to cut”) + -il → kesilmek (“to get cut”)
- almak (“to buy”) + -ın → alınmak (“to be bought”)
- işitmek (“to hear”) + -il → işitilmek (“to be heard”)
Derived terms
Volapük
Suffix
-il
- Used to form diminutives
Derived terms
See also
- -ül