-ig
See also: ig, Ig, IG, ig., ig-, and i.G.
Danish
Suffix
-ig
- -y; forms adjectives from nouns
Derived terms
Danish terms suffixed with -ig
Dutch
Etymology
From Old Dutch -ag, -ig, from Proto-Germanic *-agaz, *-īgaz, *-ugaz, each a variant of a common suffix *-gaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /əx/
Suffix
-ig
- -y; forms adjectives from nouns
- Synonyms: -achtig, -erig
- -ed, having (when attached to a noun preceded by an adjective that describes the noun)
- roodharig ― red-haired
- dikhuidig ― thick-skinned
- tweebenig ― two-legged
Inflection
| Inflection of -ig | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| uninflected | -ig | |||
| inflected | -ige | |||
| comparative | -iger | |||
| positive | comparative | superlative | ||
| predicative/adverbial | -ig | -iger | het -igst het -igste | |
| indefinite | m./f. sing. | -ige | -igere | -igste |
| n. sing. | -ig | -iger | -igste | |
| plural | -ige | -igere | -igste | |
| definite | -ige | -igere | -igste | |
| partitive | -igs | -igers | — | |
Derived terms
Dutch terms suffixed with -ig
- batig
- betweterig
- danig
- -erig
- fruitig
- geniepig
- hanig
- hardharig
- horig
- horig
- inhalerig
- kranig
- onledig
- prekerig
- pruilerig
- stevig
- volledig
- volmondig
- vredig
German
Etymology
From Middle High German -ec, -ic, from Old High German -ig, from Proto-West Germanic *-g, from Proto-Germanic *-gaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɪç/ (Germany; less common in southern regiolects)
- IPA(key): /ɪk/, /ɪɡ̊/, /iɡ̊/ (most common form in southern Germany, Austria, and Switzerland)
- IPA(key): /ɪɕ/, /ɪʃ/ (all central German dialects)
Audio (file)
Suffix
-ig
- -y; forms adjectives from nouns
- forms adjectives from verbs
- forms adjectives from adverbs
Declension
Positive forms of -ig
| number & gender | singular | plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | all genders | ||
| predicative | er ist -ig | sie ist -ig | es ist -ig | sie sind -ig | |
| strong declension (without article) | nominative | -iger | -ige | -iges | -ige |
| genitive | -igen | -iger | -igen | -iger | |
| dative | -igem | -iger | -igem | -igen | |
| accusative | -igen | -ige | -iges | -ige | |
| weak declension (with definite article) | nominative | der -ige | die -ige | das -ige | die -igen |
| genitive | des -igen | der -igen | des -igen | der -igen | |
| dative | dem -igen | der -igen | dem -igen | den -igen | |
| accusative | den -igen | die -ige | das -ige | die -igen | |
| mixed declension (with indefinite article) | nominative | ein -iger | eine -ige | ein -iges | (keine) -igen |
| genitive | eines -igen | einer -igen | eines -igen | (keiner) -igen | |
| dative | einem -igen | einer -igen | einem -igen | (keinen) -igen | |
| accusative | einen -igen | eine -ige | ein -iges | (keine) -igen | |
Comparative forms of -ig
| number & gender | singular | plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | all genders | ||
| predicative | er ist -iger | sie ist -iger | es ist -iger | sie sind -iger | |
| strong declension (without article) | nominative | -igerer | -igere | -igeres | -igere |
| genitive | -igeren | -igerer | -igeren | -igerer | |
| dative | -igerem | -igerer | -igerem | -igeren | |
| accusative | -igeren | -igere | -igeres | -igere | |
| weak declension (with definite article) | nominative | der -igere | die -igere | das -igere | die -igeren |
| genitive | des -igeren | der -igeren | des -igeren | der -igeren | |
| dative | dem -igeren | der -igeren | dem -igeren | den -igeren | |
| accusative | den -igeren | die -igere | das -igere | die -igeren | |
| mixed declension (with indefinite article) | nominative | ein -igerer | eine -igere | ein -igeres | (keine) -igeren |
| genitive | eines -igeren | einer -igeren | eines -igeren | (keiner) -igeren | |
| dative | einem -igeren | einer -igeren | einem -igeren | (keinen) -igeren | |
| accusative | einen -igeren | eine -igere | ein -igeres | (keine) -igeren | |
Superlative forms of -ig
| number & gender | singular | plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | all genders | ||
| predicative | er ist am -igsten | sie ist am -igsten | es ist am -igsten | sie sind am -igsten | |
| strong declension (without article) | nominative | -igster | -igste | -igstes | -igste |
| genitive | -igsten | -igster | -igsten | -igster | |
| dative | -igstem | -igster | -igstem | -igsten | |
| accusative | -igsten | -igste | -igstes | -igste | |
| weak declension (with definite article) | nominative | der -igste | die -igste | das -igste | die -igsten |
| genitive | des -igsten | der -igsten | des -igsten | der -igsten | |
| dative | dem -igsten | der -igsten | dem -igsten | den -igsten | |
| accusative | den -igsten | die -igste | das -igste | die -igsten | |
| mixed declension (with indefinite article) | nominative | ein -igster | eine -igste | ein -igstes | (keine) -igsten |
| genitive | eines -igsten | einer -igsten | eines -igsten | (keiner) -igsten | |
| dative | einem -igsten | einer -igsten | einem -igsten | (keinen) -igsten | |
| accusative | einen -igsten | eine -igste | ein -igstes | (keine) -igsten | |
Note: There are also contracted forms like -'ger.
Suffix
-ig
- (Switzerland, colloquial) variation of -ung
Derived terms
German terms suffixed with -ig
See also
- -lich
- -isch
Hungarian
| Pronominal adverbs from case suffixes (cf. postpositions) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ed | suffix | who? | what? | this | that | he/she (it)* | ||
| case | v. pr. | c. | ||||||
| nom. | – | ki | mi | ez | az | ő* / -∅ az / -∅ | – | – |
| acc. | -t / -ot / -at / -et / -öt | kit | mit | ezt | azt | őt* / -∅ azt / -∅ | – | c1 c2 |
| dat. | -nak / -nek | kinek | minek | ennek | annak | neki | neki- | c |
| ins. | -val / -vel | kivel | mivel | ezzel/ evvel | azzal/ avval | vele | c | |
| c-f. | -ért | kiért | miért | ezért | azért | érte | – | c |
| tra. | -vá / -vé | kivé | mivé | ezzé | azzá | – | – | c |
| ter. | -ig | – | meddig | eddig | addig | – | – | c |
| e-f. | -ként | (kiként) | (miként) | ekként | akként | – | – | c |
| e-m. | -ul / -ül | – | – | – | – | – | – | c |
| ine. | -ban / -ben | kiben | miben | ebben | abban | benne | – | c |
| sup. | -n/-on/-en/-ön | kin | min | ezen | azon | rajta | (rajta-) | c |
| ade. | -nál / -nél | kinél | minél | ennél | annál | nála | – | c |
| ill. | -ba / -be | kibe | mibe | ebbe | abba | bele | bele- | c |
| sub. | -ra / -re | kire | mire | erre | arra | rá | rá- | c |
| all. | -hoz/-hez/-höz | kihez | mihez | ehhez | ahhoz | hozzá | hozzá- | c |
| el. | -ból / -ből | kiből | miből | ebből | abból | belőle | – | c |
| del. | -ról / -ről | kiről | miről | erről | arról | róla | – | c |
| abl. | -tól / -től | kitől | mitől | ettől | attól | tőle | – | c |
| *: Ő and őt refer to human beings; the forms below them might be construed likewise. – Forms in parentheses are uncommon. All » | ||||||||
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [iɡ]
- Rhymes: -iɡ
Suffix
-ig
- (case suffix) until, till, up to. Used to form the terminative case. It can refer to both time and place. It is used by both back and front vowel words.
- Ötig dolgozom. ― I work until five o'clock.
- Az állomásig busszal mentünk, de onnan hazáig már gyalog. ― We traveled by bus to the station but from there to home we walked.
- for a specified length of time
- A levél olyan hosszú volt, hogy tíz percig olvastam. ― The letter was so long that I was reading it for 10 minutes.
Usage notes
Hungarian case suffixes
| Case | Back vowel a, á, o, ó, u, ú | Front vowel | |
|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded e, é, i, í | rounded ö, ő, ü, ű | ||
| nominative | — | ||
| accusative | -t | ||
| -ot / -at | -et | -öt | |
| dative | -nak | -nek | |
| instrumental | -val | -vel | |
| causal-final | -ért | ||
| translative | -vá | -vé | |
| terminative | -ig | ||
| essive-formal | -ként | ||
| essive-modal | -ul | -ül | |
| inessive | -ban | -ben | |
| superessive | -n | ||
| -on | -en | -ön | |
| adessive | -nál | -nél | |
| illative | -ba | -be | |
| sublative | -ra | -re | |
| allative | -hoz | -hez | -höz |
| elative | -ból | -ből | |
| delative | -ról | -ről | |
| ablative | -tól | -től | |
| Note for all endings: Stem-final -a/-e changes to -á-/-é-, respectively, except -ként. alma — almában, but almaként zene ― zenében, but zeneként | |||
- The above two senses may be ambiguous when hour or o'clock is mentioned, as in this sentence:
- Két óráig maradunk. ― We'll stay for two hours OR We'll stay until 2 o'clock.
- To avoid this ambiguity, the accusative case may be employed when referring to the duration (Két órát maradunk), and the sentence may be rephrased when referring to the end point (Két óra múlva indulunk – We're leaving in two hours.)
- (until): With pointlike events or places the meaning is usually clear. However, it is ambiguous when the given event itself lasts for some time or the given object is such that it matters whether it is included, excluded or partially included.
- Szerdáig van időd. ― You have time until Wednesday.
- With exclusion: on Wednesday 00:01 A.M. you are already late (rare, one would probably say keddig; until Tuesday)
- With partial inclusion: the border line is somewhere during the day (most likely)
- With full inclusion: you have the full Wednesday (also possible)
- Szerdáig van időd. ― You have time until Wednesday.
See also
- addig, eddig, meddig
- Category:Hungarian noun forms
- Appendix:Hungarian suffixes
Middle English
Suffix
-ig
- Alternative form of -y
Norwegian Bokmål
Etymology
From -ugr, Old Norse -igr (“-y”), from *-ugaz, Proto-Germanic *-īgaz (“-y”), from *-gaz (“-y”), from Proto-Indo-European *-kos, *-ḱos (“-y”).Certain words also from Low German -ig (“-y”) or German -ig (“-y”), from Middle High German -ec, -ic, from Old High German -ig, from Proto-West Germanic *-g, from Proto-Germanic *-gaz (“-y”), from Proto-Indo-European *-kos (“-y”).
Suffix
-ig
- -y; forms adjectives from nouns
Derived terms
Norwegian Bokmål terms suffixed with -ig
Norwegian Nynorsk
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “inherited from Old Norse or derived from Middle Low German loanwords?”)
Suffix
-ig
- -y; forms adjectives from nouns
Derived terms
Norwegian Nynorsk terms suffixed with -ig
Ojibwe
Suffix
-ig
- A suffix denoting the third person singular to first- or second-person singular form of a transitive animate verb (vta)
Old English
Etymology 1
From Proto-West Germanic *-ag.
Alternative forms
- -iċ, -eġ
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ij/
Suffix
-iġ
- -y; forms adjectives from nouns and verbs
Derived terms
- bisiġ
- findiġ
Old English terms suffixed with -ig
Descendants
- Middle English: -iȝ, -i, -y, -ich
- English: -y, -ey, -ie
- Scots: -ie
Etymology 2
From Proto-West Germanic *-i, *-ī, from Proto-Germanic *-j-, *-ij- (diminutive suffix).
Alternative forms
- -g, -ih
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /iɡ/, [iɣ], /ij/
Suffix
-ig or -iġ
- Suffix creating diminutive nouns from other nouns.
- bōsiġ
Descendants
- Middle English: -y
- Scots: -ie
- English: -ie, -y
- Scots: -ie
Old Saxon
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *-gaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos.
Suffix
-ig
- -y; forms adjectives from i-stem nouns and verbs
Related terms
- -ag
Swedish
Etymology
From Old Norse -agr, -igr, from Proto-Germanic *-gaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɪ(ɡ)/
Suffix
-ig
- -y; forms adjectives from nouns
- -ed (when attached to a compound of an adjective and a noun it describes)
- Han är rödhårig
- He is red-haired
Usage notes
- Often pronounced without the final 'g' (/ɪ/).
- In (sense 2), "Han är rödhårad" reads like "He is red-hair'ed," as if someone has done "red hair" to him. The same reading is possible in English, but more intuitive in Swedish.
Derived terms
Swedish terms suffixed with -ig
Welsh
Etymology
From Proto-Celtic *-ikos. Cognate with Cornish -ik, Breton -ig, Proto-Germanic *-igaz, Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós), Latin -icus.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɪɡ/
Suffix
-ig
- diminutive suffix, -let
- afon (“river”) + -ig → afonig (“rivulet”)
- barwn (“baron”) + -ig → barwnig (“baronet”)
- oen (“lamb”) + -ig → oenig (“small ewe lamb”)
- person or object with characteristics of the root word
- lloer (“moon”) + -ig → lloerig (“lunatic”)
- ysgol (“school”) + -ha + -ig → ysgolhaig (“scholar”)
- calan (“first day of the year”) + -ig → calennig (“New Year's gift”)
- forms adjectives from nouns, -y
- gwenwyn (“poison”) + -ig → gwenwynig (“poisonous”)
- pwys (“weight, pound”) + -ig → pwysig (“important”)
- Gwyddel (“Irish man”) + -ig → Gwyddelig (“Irish”)
Derived terms
Welsh terms suffixed with -ig
Related terms
-edig (“forms adjectives from verbs”)
References
- Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 153 i 9
Further reading
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-ig”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies