hirnua
Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *hirnudak, originally onomatopoetic.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈhirnuɑˣ/, [ˈhirnuɑ(ʔ)]
- Rhymes: -irnuɑ
- Syllabification(key): hir‧nu‧a
Verb
hirnua
- (intransitive) to neigh, to whinny, to make the sound of a horse
- (intransitive, colloquial) to laugh in a way that resembles a horse
Conjugation
| Inflection of hirnua (Kotus type 52/sanoa, no gradation) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative mood | ||||||
| present tense | perfect | |||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | |
| 1st sing. | hirnun | en hirnu | 1st sing. | olen hirnunut | en ole hirnunut | |
| 2nd sing. | hirnut | et hirnu | 2nd sing. | olet hirnunut | et ole hirnunut | |
| 3rd sing. | hirnuu | ei hirnu | 3rd sing. | on hirnunut | ei ole hirnunut | |
| 1st plur. | hirnumme | emme hirnu | 1st plur. | olemme hirnuneet | emme ole hirnuneet | |
| 2nd plur. | hirnutte | ette hirnu | 2nd plur. | olette hirnuneet | ette ole hirnuneet | |
| 3rd plur. | hirnuvat | eivät hirnu | 3rd plur. | ovat hirnuneet | eivät ole hirnuneet | |
| passive | hirnutaan | ei hirnuta | passive | on hirnuttu | ei ole hirnuttu | |
| past tense | pluperfect | |||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | |
| 1st sing. | hirnuin | en hirnunut | 1st sing. | olin hirnunut | en ollut hirnunut | |
| 2nd sing. | hirnuit | et hirnunut | 2nd sing. | olit hirnunut | et ollut hirnunut | |
| 3rd sing. | hirnui | ei hirnunut | 3rd sing. | oli hirnunut | ei ollut hirnunut | |
| 1st plur. | hirnuimme | emme hirnuneet | 1st plur. | olimme hirnuneet | emme olleet hirnuneet | |
| 2nd plur. | hirnuitte | ette hirnuneet | 2nd plur. | olitte hirnuneet | ette olleet hirnuneet | |
| 3rd plur. | hirnuivat | eivät hirnuneet | 3rd plur. | olivat hirnuneet | eivät olleet hirnuneet | |
| passive | hirnuttiin | ei hirnuttu | passive | oli hirnuttu | ei ollut hirnuttu | |
| conditional mood | ||||||
| present | perfect | |||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | |
| 1st sing. | hirnuisin | en hirnuisi | 1st sing. | olisin hirnunut | en olisi hirnunut | |
| 2nd sing. | hirnuisit | et hirnuisi | 2nd sing. | olisit hirnunut | et olisi hirnunut | |
| 3rd sing. | hirnuisi | ei hirnuisi | 3rd sing. | olisi hirnunut | ei olisi hirnunut | |
| 1st plur. | hirnuisimme | emme hirnuisi | 1st plur. | olisimme hirnuneet | emme olisi hirnuneet | |
| 2nd plur. | hirnuisitte | ette hirnuisi | 2nd plur. | olisitte hirnuneet | ette olisi hirnuneet | |
| 3rd plur. | hirnuisivat | eivät hirnuisi | 3rd plur. | olisivat hirnuneet | eivät olisi hirnuneet | |
| passive | hirnuttaisiin | ei hirnuttaisi | passive | olisi hirnuttu | ei olisi hirnuttu | |
| imperative mood | ||||||
| present | perfect | |||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | |
| 1st sing. | — | — | 1st sing. | — | — | |
| 2nd sing. | hirnu | älä hirnu | 2nd sing. | ole hirnunut | älä ole hirnunut | |
| 3rd sing. | hirnukoon | älköön hirnuko | 3rd sing. | olkoon hirnunut | älköön olko hirnunut | |
| 1st plur. | hirnukaamme | älkäämme hirnuko | 1st plur. | olkaamme hirnuneet | älkäämme olko hirnuneet | |
| 2nd plur. | hirnukaa | älkää hirnuko | 2nd plur. | olkaa hirnuneet | älkää olko hirnuneet | |
| 3rd plur. | hirnukoot | älkööt hirnuko | 3rd plur. | olkoot hirnuneet | älkööt olko hirnuneet | |
| passive | hirnuttakoon | älköön hirnuttako | passive | olkoon hirnuttu | älköön olko hirnuttu | |
| potential mood | ||||||
| present | perfect | |||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | |
| 1st sing. | hirnunen | en hirnune | 1st sing. | lienen hirnunut | en liene hirnunut | |
| 2nd sing. | hirnunet | et hirnune | 2nd sing. | lienet hirnunut | et liene hirnunut | |
| 3rd sing. | hirnunee | ei hirnune | 3rd sing. | lienee hirnunut | ei liene hirnunut | |
| 1st plur. | hirnunemme | emme hirnune | 1st plur. | lienemme hirnuneet | emme liene hirnuneet | |
| 2nd plur. | hirnunette | ette hirnune | 2nd plur. | lienette hirnuneet | ette liene hirnuneet | |
| 3rd plur. | hirnunevat | eivät hirnune | 3rd plur. | lienevät hirnuneet | eivät liene hirnuneet | |
| passive | hirnuttaneen | ei hirnuttane | passive | lienee hirnuttu | ei liene hirnuttu | |
| Nominal forms | ||||||
| infinitives | participles | |||||
| active | passive | active | passive | |||
| 1st | hirnua | present | hirnuva | hirnuttava | ||
| long 1st2 | hirnuakseen | past | hirnunut | hirnuttu | ||
| 2nd | inessive1 | hirnuessa | hirnuttaessa | agent1, 3 | hirnuma | |
| instructive | hirnuen | — | negative | hirnumaton | ||
| 3rd | inessive | hirnumassa | — | 1) Usually with a possessive suffix. 2) Used only with a possessive suffix; this is the form for the third-person singular and third-person plural. | ||
| elative | hirnumasta | — | ||||
| illative | hirnumaan | — | ||||
| adessive | hirnumalla | — | ||||
| abessive | hirnumatta | — | ||||
| instructive | hirnuman | hirnuttaman | ||||
| 4th | nominative | hirnuminen | ||||
| partitive | hirnumista | |||||
| 5th2 | hirnumaisillaan | |||||
Anagrams
- hanuri, hurina
Ingrian
Alternative forms
- hernua
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *hirnudak, of onomatopoeic origin. Cognates include Finnish hirnua and Estonian hirnuda.
The sense "to laugh" is an innovation, but is also present in colloquial Finnish hirnua. Compare also colloquial Russian ржать (ržatʹ).
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈhirnuɑ/, [ˈhirno̞]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈhirnuɑ/, [ˈhirnuɑ]
- Rhymes: -irnuɑ
- Hyphenation: hir‧nu‧a
Verb
hirnua
- (intransitive) to neigh
- 1936, V. I. Junus; P. L. Maksimov, Inkeroisin keelen oppikirja alkuşkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 4:
- Hepoin hirnuu. Kana kaakattaa.
- The horse neighs. The chicken cackles.
-
- (intransitive) to laugh
Conjugation
| Conjugation of hirnua (type 1/ampua, no gradation) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indikativa | |||||
| Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | hirnun | en hirnu | 1st singular | oon hirnunt, oon hirnunut | en oo hirnunt, en oo hirnunut |
| 2nd singular | hirnut | et hirnu | 2nd singular | oot hirnunt, oot hirnunut | et oo hirnunt, et oo hirnunut |
| 3rd singular | hirnuu | ei hirnu | 3rd singular | ono hirnunt, ono hirnunut | ei oo hirnunt, ei oo hirnunut |
| 1st plural | hirnumma | emmä hirnu | 1st plural | oomma hirnunneet | emmä oo hirnunneet |
| 2nd plural | hirnutta | että hirnu | 2nd plural | ootta hirnunneet | että oo hirnunneet |
| 3rd plural | hirnuut1), hirnuvat2), hirnutaa | evät hirnu | 3rd plural | ovat hirnunneet | evät oo hirnunneet |
| impersonal | hirnutaa | ei hirnuta | impersonal | ono hirnuttu | ei oo hirnuttu |
| Imperfekta | Pluskvamperfekta | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | hirnuin | en hirnunt, en hirnunut | 1st singular | olin hirnunt, olin hirnunut | en olt hirnunt, en olt hirnunut |
| 2nd singular | hirnuit | et hirnunt, et hirnunut | 2nd singular | olit hirnunt, olit hirnunut | et olt hirnunt, et olt hirnunut |
| 3rd singular | hirnui | ei hirnunt, ei hirnunut | 3rd singular | oli hirnunt, oli hirnunut | ei olt hirnunt, ei olt hirnunut |
| 1st plural | hirnuimma | emmä hirnunneet | 1st plural | olimma hirnunneet | emmä olleet hirnunneet |
| 2nd plural | hirnuitta | että hirnunneet | 2nd plural | olitta hirnunneet | että olleet hirnunneet |
| 3rd plural | hirnuit1), hirnuivat2), hirnuttii | evät hirnunneet | 3rd plural | olivat hirnunneet | evät olleet hirnunneet |
| impersonal | hirnuttii | ei hirnuttu | impersonal | oli hirnuttu | ei olt hirnuttu |
| Konditsionala | |||||
| Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | hirnuisin | en hirnuis | 1st singular | olisin hirnunt, olisin hirnunut | en olis hirnunt, en olis hirnunut |
| 2nd singular | hirnuisit, hirnuist1) | et hirnuis | 2nd singular | olisit hirnunt, olisit hirnunut | et olis hirnunt, et olis hirnunut |
| 3rd singular | hirnuis | ei hirnuis | 3rd singular | olis hirnunt, olis hirnunut | ei olis hirnunt, ei olis hirnunut |
| 1st plural | hirnuisimma | emmä hirnuis | 1st plural | olisimma hirnunneet | emmä olis hirnunneet |
| 2nd plural | hirnuisitta | että hirnuis | 2nd plural | olisitta hirnunneet | että olis hirnunneet |
| 3rd plural | hirnuisiit1), hirnuisivat2), hirnuttais | evät hirnuis | 3rd plural | olisivat hirnunneet | evät olis hirnunneet |
| impersonal | hirnuttais | ei hirnuttais | impersonal | olis hirnuttu | ei olis hirnuttu |
| Imperativa | |||||
| Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | — | — | 1st singular | — | — |
| 2nd singular | hirnu | elä hirnu | 2nd singular | oo hirnunt, oo hirnunut | elä oo hirnunt, elä oo hirnunut |
| 3rd singular | hirnukoo | elköö hirnuko | 3rd singular | olkoo hirnunt, olkoo hirnunut | elköö olko hirnunt, elköö olko hirnunut |
| 1st plural | — | — | 1st plural | — | — |
| 2nd plural | hirnukaa | elkää hirnuko | 2nd plural | olkaa hirnunneet | elkää olko hirnunneet |
| 3rd plural | hirnukoot | elkööt hirnuko | 3rd plural | olkoot hirnunneet | elkööt olko hirnunneet |
| impersonal | hirnuttakkoo | elköö hirnuttako | impersonal | olkoo hirnuttu | elköö olko hirnuttu |
| Potentsiala | |||||
| Preesens | |||||
| positive | negative | ||||
| 1st singular | hirnunen | en hirnune | |||
| 2nd singular | hirnunet | et hirnune | |||
| 3rd singular | hirnunoo | ei hirnune | |||
| 1st plural | hirnunemma | emmä hirnune | |||
| 2nd plural | hirnunetta | että hirnune | |||
| 3rd plural | hirnunoot | evät hirnune | |||
| impersonal | hirnuttannoo | ei hirnuttane | |||
| Nominal forms | |||||
| Infinitivat | Partisipat | ||||
| active | passive | ||||
| 1st | hirnua | present | hirnuva | hirnuttava | |
| 2nd | inessive | hirnujees | past | hirnunt, hirnunut | hirnuttu |
| instructive | hirnuen | 1) Chiefly in the Soikkola dialect. 2) Chiefly in the Ala-Laukaa dialect. *) For the imperative, the 2nd plural (hirnukaa) may be used for the 3rd person as well. **) The interrogative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) to the indicative, or -kse to the potential. ***) In folk poetry, a long first infinitive can be formed by adding the suffix -kse, followed by possessive suffixes, to the first infinitive. Note that sometimes gemination may be undone by this addition. | |||
| 3rd | illative | hirnumaa | |||
| inessive | hirnumaas | ||||
| elative | hirnumast | ||||
| abessive | hirnumata | ||||
| 4th | nominative | hirnumiin | |||
| partitive | hirnumista, hirnumist | ||||
Synonyms
- (to laugh): nagraa; hohottaa, hehettää (“to guffaw”)
References
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 62