gulti

Lithuanian

Etymology

Cognate with Latvian gul̃t (“go to bed”). Related to guolis (“lair, den”). Derksen connects this etymon with dialectal gvaldýti (“cram, pack”), gvãlis (“lair, den”), which means the -u- must go back to Proto-Indo-European *-u̯-. The root may therefore be Proto-Indo-European *gwel-, *gul-.[1]

In view of this reconstruction, we may have to reject connections with Tocharian A klā-, klāw- Tocharian B klāy- (“fall, collapse”), Sanskrit ग्लाति (glāti) ग्लायति (glāyáti, “be exhausted, weary”), which assume a zero-grade *gʷl̥-.[2]

An alternative view is that of Robinson, who, in view of lėgti ("weaken, cease", also "lay down"), suggests a connection by metathesis with Proto-Slavic *legti (“to lie”), from *legʰ-.[3] Compare kepti : Proto-Slavic *pekti (“to bake”).

Verb

gul̃ti (third-person present tense gùla, third-person past tense gùlė)

(intransitive, with į̃ + accusative) lie, lie down (assume a lying position to rest)
(intransitive) fall ill, sick
(intransitive, about grass, crops) wilt, droop
(intransitive) settle, rest
dùlkės gùla añt stãlo. - dust settles on the table.
(intransitive, with į̃ + accusative) infest, infect

Conjugation

Conjugation of gulti

		singular (vienaskaita)			plural (daugiskaita)
		1^st person (pirmasis asmuo)	2^nd person (antrasis asmuo)	3^rd person (trečiasis asmuo)	1^st person (pirmasis asmuo)	2^nd person (antrasis asmuo)	3^rd person (trečiasis asmuo)
		aš	tu	jis/ji	mes	jūs	jie/jos
indicative (tiesioginė nuosaka)	present (esamasis laikas)	gulù	gulì	gùla	gùlame, gùlam	gùlate, gùlat	gùla
	past (būtasis kartinis laikas)	gulaũ	gulaĩ	gùlo	gùlome, gùlom	gùlote, gùlot	gùlo
	past frequentative (būtasis dažninis laikas)	gul̃davau	gul̃davai	gul̃davo	gul̃davome, gul̃davom	gul̃davote, gul̃davot	gul̃davo
	future (būsimasis laikas)	gul̃siu	gul̃si	gul̃s	gul̃sime, gul̃sim	gul̃site, gul̃sit	gul̃s
subjunctive (tariamoji nuosaka)		gul̃čiau	gul̃tum, gul̃tumei	gul̃tų	gul̃tumėme, gul̃tumėm, gul̃tume	gul̃tumėte, gul̃tumėt	gul̃tų
imperative (liepiamoji nuosaka)		—	gul̃k, gul̃ki	tegùla, tegùlie	gul̃kime, gul̃kim	gul̃kite, gul̃kit	tegùla, tegùlie

Participles of gulti

Adjectival (dalyviai)
		active	passive
present		gùląs, gùlantis	gùlamas
past		gùlęs	gul̃tas
past frequentative		gul̃davęs	—
future		gul̃siąs, gul̃siantis	gul̃simas
participle of necessity		—	gul̃tinas
Adverbial
special (pusdalyvis)		gul̃damas
half-participle (padalyviai)	present	gùlant
	past	gùlus
	past frequentative	gul̃davus
	future	gul̃siant
manner of action (būdinys)		gul̃te, gul̃tinai

Derived terms

terms derived from gulti

gulimas
gultis
gulėti
guldyti
gulinti
gulinėti
gulykla
gultas
gulekšnis
gulstė
gulstinis
gulsčias
tegu, tegul

prefixed forms of gulti

apgulti
atgulti
- atsigulti
įgulti
išgulti
nugulti
pagulti
sugulti
užgulti
- užsigulti

References

Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 193
Albert J. van Windekens (1979) Le tokharien confronté avec les autres langues indoeuropéennes. Vol. I. La phonétique et le vocabulaire. Louvain, page 217
David F. Robinson (1983) 'On Loan Words between Baltic and Slavic' in American Contributions to the Ninth International Congress of Slavists, Kiev, September 1983, volume I. Linguistics. Ed. M. S. Flier. Columbus, Ohio, page 248

[1] Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 193

[2] Albert J. van Windekens (1979) Le tokharien confronté avec les autres langues indoeuropéennes. Vol. I. La phonétique et le vocabulaire. Louvain, page 217

[3] David F. Robinson (1983) 'On Loan Words between Baltic and Slavic' in American Contributions to the Ninth International Congress of Slavists, Kiev, September 1983, volume I. Linguistics. Ed. M. S. Flier. Columbus, Ohio, page 248