aku
Banjarese
Etymology
From Proto-Malayic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.
Pronoun
aku
- I (personal pronoun)
- me (direct object of a verb)
- me (object of a preposition)
- me (indirect object of a verb)
- my (belonging to me)
Brooke's Point Palawano
Etymology
From Proto-Philippine *ʔakúʔ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)aku, from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)aku.
Pronoun
aku
- I (personal pronoun)
Estonian
Etymology
A reduction of akumulaator, ultimately from Latin accumulātor.
Noun
aku (genitive aku, partitive akut)
- battery, cell, accumulator
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | aku | akud |
| accusative | aku | akud |
| genitive | aku | akude |
| partitive | akut | akusid |
| illative | akku akusse | akudesse |
| inessive | akus | akudes |
| elative | akust | akudest |
| allative | akule | akudele |
| adessive | akul | akudel |
| ablative | akult | akudelt |
| translative | akuks | akudeks |
| terminative | akuni | akudeni |
| essive | akuna | akudena |
| abessive | akuta | akudeta |
| comitative | akuga | akudega |
Greenlandic
Etymology
From Proto-Inuit *aku- (“interval, to mix”), from Proto-Eskimo *akuv- (“between, to mix”). Compare akunneq (“interval”) and akulaaq (“crotch”).
Noun
aku (plural akut)
- ingredient
- estuary, mouth of a river
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| absolutive | aku | akut |
| ergative | akup | akut |
| allative | akumut | akunut |
| ablative | akumit | akunit |
| prosecutive | akukkut | akunit |
| locative | akumi | akuni |
| instrumental | akumik | akunik |
| equative | akutut | akutut |
Further reading
- DAKA
- aku in Katersat
- aku in Katersat
Guaraní
Adjective
aku
- hot
Hadza
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʔaku/
Determiner
aku
- what kind?, which?
Related terms
- akwaza (“who?”)
- akwia (“what?”)
Hawaiian
Noun
aku
- bonito, skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis)
Particle
aku
- direction away from the speaker, away
- soon, later, earlier, last (week, year, etc.)
Usage notes
- Mai and aku may change the meaning of the verb:
- aʻo mai (“to learn”) — aʻo aku (“to teach”)
- kūʻai mai (“to buy”) — kūʻai aku (“to sell”)
Synonyms
- akula
Antonyms
- mai, maila
Iban
Etymology
From Proto-Malayic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.
Pronoun
aku
- I (personal pronoun)
- me (direct object of a verb)
- me (object of a preposition)
- me (indirect object of a verb)
- my (belonging to me)
Indonesian
Alternative forms
- akoe (pre-1947)
Etymology
From Malay aku, from Classical Malay اكو (aku), from Proto-Malayic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku. Compare Maori aku, Malagasy aho. Doublet of daku.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /aku/
- Hyphenation: a‧ku
- Rhymes: -aku, -ku
Pronoun
aku (first-person singular pronoun, referring to the speaker)
- I, me
- Aku sedang lapar. ― I am hungry.
- Dia memarahi aku. ― He scolded me.
- my (belonging to me)
- Kucing aku hitam. ― My cat is black.
Usage notes
- The informal personal pronoun.
Alternative forms
- -ku, ku, ku-, daku
Synonyms
- ku
- daku (poetic)
- saya (formal)
- aye, gue, ogut (Jakarta)
- gua, gw (informal)
- hamba
Derived terms
- akuan
- beraku
- beraku-akuan
- keakuan
- mengaku
- mengakui
- mengakukan
- pengaku
- pengakuan
Further reading
- “aku” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
Japanese
Romanization
aku
- Rōmaji transcription of あく
Jarai
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ikuR, from Proto-Austronesian *ikuR.
Noun
aku (classifier ƀĕ)
- tail
Javanese
| Javanese register set |
|---|
| ꦏꦿꦩꦲꦤ꧀ꦝꦥ꧀ (krama andhap): adalem |
| ꦏꦿꦩ (krama): kula |
| ꦔꦺꦴꦏꦺꦴ (ngoko): aku |
Alternative forms
- ku
Etymology
From Old Javanese aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.
Pronoun
aku (personal pronoun, informal, Java spelling ꦲꦏꦸ, krama kula)
- I (personal pronoun)
- Aku lagi mangan. ― I am eating.
- me (direct object of a verb)
- me (object of a preposition)
- me (indirect object of a verb)
- my (belonging to me)
Synonyms
- kula (formal)
- dalem
Kabishiana
Noun
äḳu
- water
References
- Merritt Ruhlen, The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue (1996, →ISBN
Kapampangan
Etymology
From Proto-Philippine *ʔakúʔ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.
Pronoun
aku
- I (personal pronoun)
- me (direct object of a verb)
- me (object of a preposition)
- me (indirect object of a verb)
- my (belonging to me)
Karo Batak
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.
Pronoun
aku
- I (personal pronoun)
- me (direct object of a verb)
- me (object of a preposition)
- me (indirect object of a verb)
- my (belonging to me)
Latvian
Noun
aku f
- accusative singular form of aka
- instrumental singular form of aka
- genitive plural form of aka
Malay
Alternative forms
- ku, ku-, -ku, daku
Etymology
From Proto-Malayic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /aku/
- Rhymes: -aku, -ku, -u
Audio (MY) (file)
Pronoun
aku (Jawi spelling اکو)
- I (personal pronoun)
- Aku orang itu.
- I am that person.
- me (direct object of a verb)
- me (object of a preposition)
- me (indirect object of a verb)
- Ini aku.
- This is me.
- my (belonging to me)
- Ini beg aku.
- This is my bag.
Usage notes
- Should not be used when speaking to anyone who is elder or of a higher status.
Synonyms
- saya, sahaya (formal)
- beta (by royalties)
- patik (by royal subjects)
See also
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | standard | saya / ساي aku/ku- / اکو / كو- (informal/towards God) -ku / -كو (informal possessive) hamba / همبا (dated) | kami / کامي (exclusive) kita orang / كيت اورڠ (informal exclusive) kita / کيت (inclusive) |
| royal | beta / بيتا | ||
| 2nd person | standard | kamu / کامو anda / اندا (formal) | |
| engkau/kau- / اڠکاو/ كاو- (informal/towards God) awak / اوق (friendly/older towards younger) -mu / -مو (possessive) | kalian / کاليان kamu semua / كامو سموا kau orang / كاو اورڠ (informal) | ||
| royal | tuanku / توانكو | ||
| 3rd person | standard | dia / دي ia / اي beliau / بلياو (honorific) -nya / -ڽ (possessive) | mereka / مريک dia orang / دي اورڠ (informal) |
| royal | baginda / بݢيندا | ||
Maori
Etymology
From Proto-Eastern Polynesian *au, from Proto-Nuclear Polynesian *au, from Proto-Polynesian *au, from Proto-Oceanic *au, from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.
Cognate with Indonesian aku, Malagasy aho, Tagalog ako.
Pronoun
aku
- my (when talking of more than one thing)
- Ko aku tīpuna ērā. ― Those are my grandparents.
Usage notes
A possessive determiner which must be followed by a noun, unlike āku and ōku. This is the neutral or informal form and is not governed by the a and o categories. It cannot be stressed, in which case either āku or ōku must be used, depending on the category of the noun.
Declension
| singular object | dual/plural object | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular subject | A category | O category | Neutral | A category | O category | Neutral | ||
| 1st person | tāku | tōku | taku | āku | ōku | aku | ||
| 2nd person | tāu | tōu | tō | āu | ōu | ō | ||
| 3rd person | tāna | tōna | tana | āna | ōna | ana | ||
| dual subject | ||||||||
| 1st person, inclusive | tā tāua | tō tāua | - | ā tāua | ō tāua | - | ||
| 1st person, exclusive | tā māua | tō māua | - | ā māua | ō māua | - | ||
| 2nd person | tā kōrua | tō kōrua | - | ā kōrua | ō kōrua | - | ||
| 3rd person | tā rāua | tō rāua | - | ā rāua | ō rāua | - | ||
| plural subject | ||||||||
| 1st person, inclusive | tā tātou | tō tātou | - | ā tātou | ō tātou | - | ||
| 1st person, exclusive | tā mātou | tō mātou | - | ā mātou | ō mātou | - | ||
| 2nd person | tā koutou | tō koutou | - | ā koutou | ō koutou | - | ||
| 3rd person | tā rātou | tō rātou | - | ā rātou | ō rātou | - | ||
| A category: alienable possession; possessor has control of the relationship. | ||||||||
| O category: inalienable possession; possessor has no control over the relationship. | ||||||||
References
- “aku” in John C. Moorfield, Te Aka: Maori-English, English-Maori Dictionary and Index, 3rd edition, Longman/Pearson Education New Zealand, 2011, →ISBN.
Mbyá Guaraní
Adjective
aku
- (to be) hot
Conjugation
| singular | plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person inclusive | 1st person exclusive | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| xee xeraku | ndee nderaku | ha'e haku | nhande nhanderaku | ore oreraku | peẽ penderaku | ha'e haku |
Mmen
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [āku᷇]
Noun
aku
- forest
Further reading
- Lena Björkestedt, A Phonological Sketch of the Mmen Language (2010)
Mori Bawah
Etymology
From Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *ku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.
Pronoun
aku
- I (personal pronoun)
- me (direct object of a verb)
- me (object of a preposition)
- me (indirect object of a verb)
- my (belonging to me)
Moronene
Alternative forms
- iβaku
Etymology
From Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.
Pronoun
aku
- I (personal pronoun)
- me (direct object of a verb)
- me (object of a preposition)
- me (indirect object of a verb)
- my (belonging to me)
Nupe
Etymology
From Hausa aku.
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /à.kú/
Noun
àkú (plural àkúzhì)
- African gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus)
Old Javanese
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.
Pronoun
aku
- I (personal pronoun)
- me (direct object of a verb)
- me (object of a preposition)
- me (indirect object of a verb)
- my (belonging to me)
Sasak
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.
Pronoun
aku
- I (personal pronoun)
- me (direct object of a verb)
- me (object of a preposition)
- me (indirect object of a verb)
- my (belonging to me)
Tausug
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku.
Pronoun
aku
- I
Ternate
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈa.ku]
Verb
aku (Jawi أكو)
- (auxiliary) to be allowed, may
- aku ua sakali-sakali ana ihoru sosira ― it is absolutely not allowed that they paddle earlier
- una owosa toma hito, mina moaku ua ― he enters the kitchen, she may not
- ngone fosabea ge aku ― we (incl.) may pray for that
Usage notes
As an auxiliary, aku follows the main verb. It may take the subject clitics (o, mo, etc.) only either for emphasis or when aku is used as the sole verb in a sentence.
Conjugation
| Conjugation of aku | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Inclusive | Exclusive | |||
| 1st | toaku | foaku | miaku | |
| 2nd | noaku | niaku | ||
| 3rd | Masculine | oaku | iaku, yoaku† | |
| Feminine | moaku | |||
| Neuter | iaku | |||
| † - archaic | ||||
References
- Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
- Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh
Tokelauan
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈa.ku/
- Hyphenation: a‧ku
Etymology 1
From Proto-Polynesian *qa-ku. Cognates include Maori āku.
Pronoun
a aku
- (alienable) mine
See also
| Inalienable (O-type) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | dual | plural | ||
| long | short | |||
| 1st person (excl.) | o oku, o kita1 | o māua | o mā | o mātou |
| 1st person (incl.) | ― | o tāua | o tā | o tātou |
| 2nd person | o ōu, o koe | o koulua | o koutou | |
| 3rd person | o ona | o lāua | o lā | o lātou |
| Alienable (A-type) | ||||
| singular | dual | plural | ||
| long | short | |||
| 1st person (excl.) | a aku, a kita1 | a māua | a mā | a mātou |
| 1st person (incl.) | ― | a tāua | a tā | a tātou |
| 2nd person | a āu, a koe | a koulua | a koutou | |
| 3rd person | a ana | a lāua | a lā | a lātou |
| 1) Sympathetic *) Only the singular pronouns differ from the personal pronouns | ||||
Determiner
aku
- (alienable) my
See also
| Definite inalienable (O-type) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular reference | plural reference | |||||||
| sg | du | pl | sg | du | pl | |||
| long | short | long | short | |||||
| 1st person (excl.) | toku, tota1 | to māua | to mā | to mātou | oku, ota1 | o māua | o mā | o mātou |
| 1st person (incl.) | ― | to tāua | to tā | to tātou | ― | o tāua | o tā | o tātou |
| 2nd person | tō | toulua | toutou | ō | oulua | outou | ||
| 3rd person | tona | to lāua | to lā | to lātou | ona | o lāua | o lā | o lātou |
| Definite alienable (A-type) | ||||||||
| singular reference | plural reference | |||||||
| sg | du | pl | sg | du | pl | |||
| long | short | long | short | |||||
| 1st person (excl.) | taku, tata1 | ta māua | ta mā | ta mātou | aku, ata1 | a māua | a mā | a mātou |
| 1st person (incl.) | ― | ta tāua | ta tā | ta tātou | ― | a tāua | a tā | a tātou |
| 2nd person | tau | taulua | tautou | au | aulua | autou | ||
| 3rd person | tana | ta lāua | ta lā | ta lātou | ana | a lāua | a lā | a lātou |
| Indefinite inalienable (O-type) | ||||||||
| singular reference | plural reference | |||||||
| sg | du | pl | sg | du | pl | |||
| long | short | long | short | |||||
| 1st person (excl.) | hoku, hota1 | ho māua | ho mā | ho mātou | ni oku, ni ota1 | ni o māua | ni o mā | ni o mātou |
| 1st person (incl.) | ― | ho tāua | ho tā | ho tātou | ― | ni o tāua | ni o tā | ni o tātou |
| 2nd person | hō | houlua | houtou | ni ō | ni oulua | ni outou | ||
| 3rd person | hona | ho lāua | ho lā | ho lātou | ni ona | ni o lāua | ni o lā | ni o lātou |
| Indefinite alienable (A-type) | ||||||||
| singular reference | plural reference | |||||||
| sg | du | pl | sg | du | pl | |||
| long | short | long | short | |||||
| 1st person (excl.) | haku, hata1 | ha māua | ha mā | ha mātou | ni aku, ni ata1 | ni a māua | ni a mā | ni a mātou |
| 1st person (incl.) | ― | ha tāua | ha tā | ha tātou | ― | ni a tāua | ni a tā | ni a tātou |
| 2nd person | hau | haulua | hautou | ni au | ni aulua | ni autou | ||
| 3rd person | hana | ha lāua | ha lā | ha lātou | ni ana | ni a lāua | ni a lā | ni a lātou |
| 1) Sympathetic | ||||||||
Etymology 2
From Proto-Polynesian *haku. Cognates include Hawaiian aʻu and Samoan a'u.
Noun
aku
- needlefish of the genus Strongylura
References
- R. Simona, editor (1986) Tokelau Dictionary, Auckland: Office of Tokelau Affairs, page 10
Totoli
Alternative forms
- yaku
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)aku, from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)aku.
Pronoun
aku
- I (personal pronoun)
- me (direct object of a verb)
- me (object of a preposition)
- me (indirect object of a verb)
- my (belonging to me)