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单词 grind
释义

grind

See also: Grind and grínd

English

Etymology 1

From Middle English grynden, from Old English grindan, from Proto-West Germanic *grindan, from Proto-Germanic *grindaną.

Cognate with Saterland Frisian gríende, griene (“to grind, mill”), Dutch grinden (“to grind”, rare) and grind (“gravel, shingle”), Albanian grind (“to brawl, fight”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈɡɹaɪnd/
  • Audio (US)(file)
  • Rhymes: -aɪnd

Verb

grind (third-person singular simple present grinds, present participle grinding, simple past and past participle ground or grinded) (see usage notes below)

  1. (transitive) To reduce to smaller pieces by crushing with lateral motion.
  2. (transitive) To shape with the force of friction.
    grind a lens; grind an axe
  3. (metalworking) To remove material by rubbing with an abrasive surface.
  4. (intransitive) To become ground, pulverized, or polished by friction.
    This corn grinds well.
    Steel grinds to a sharp edge.
  5. To move with much difficulty or friction; to grate.
  6. (sports, intransitive) To slide the flat portion of a skateboard or snowboard across an obstacle such as a railing.
  7. (transitive) To oppress, hold down or weaken.
  8. (slang, intransitive) To rotate the hips erotically.
    • 1984, Prince (lyrics and music), “Darling Nikki”, in Purple Rain, performed by Prince and the Revolution:
      She said, "How'd you like to waste some time?" / And I could not resist when I saw little Nikki grind
  9. (slang) To dance in a sexually suggestive way with both partners in very close proximity, often pressed against each other.
  10. (video games) To repeat a task a large number of times in a row to achieve a specific goal.
    These enemies give lots of loot when killed, so many players fight them to grind for resources.
    The first level of the game is the best place to grind extra lives.
    • 2015 February 14, Steven Strom, “Evolve Review: Middle of the food chain”, in Ars Technica‎:
      To extend the variety past that, you'll need to unlock new units in each class, meaning you have to grind through the rather lengthy process of using every one of your class’ weapons and skills significantly across several matches.
  11. (transitive) To operate by turning a crank.
    to grind an organ
  12. To produce mechanically and repetitively as if by turning a crank.
  13. (computing, dated) To automatically format and indent code.
  14. To instill through repetitive teaching.
    Grinding lessons into students' heads does not motivate them to learn.
  15. (slang, Hawaii) To eat.
    Eh, brah, let's go grind.
  16. (intransitive, slang) To work or study hard; to hustle or drudge.
    • 1862, Frederic W. Farrar, St. Winifred's: or the World of School:
      One evening, during evening work, Charlie was trying hard to do the verses which had been set to his form. […] Wilton, whose conduct had been more impertinent than that of any one else, said to Charlie—
      “I say, young Evson, how you are grinding.”
      “I have these verses to do,” said Charlie simply.
  17. (transitive, slang) To annoy or irritate (a person); to grind one's gears.
    • 2003, Steven Wunderink, Minding Your Spiritual Business: Life Stories with Life Sense, page 139:
      I need to pontificate on something that really grinds me. So here goes. I am sick and tired of lazy thinkers using the defense of “legislated morality.”
Usage notes
  • In the sports and video game senses, the past participle and past tense form grinded is often used instead of the irregular form ground.
  • Historically, there also existed a past participle form grounden, but it is now archaic or obsolete.
  • When used to denote sexually suggestive dancing between two partners, the past participle and past tense form grinded is almost always used.
Conjugation
Strong conjugation (all other senses)
Conjugation of grind
infinitive(to) grind
present tensepast tense
1st-person singular grind ground
2nd-person singular grind, grindest† ground, groundst†, groundest†
3rd-person singular grinds, grindeth† ground
plural grind
subjunctive grind ground
imperative grind —
participles grinding ground, grounden†

†Archaic or obsolete.

Weak conjugation (sports, video games, dance move)
Conjugation of grind
infinitive(to) grind
present tensepast tense
1st-person singular grind grinded
2nd-person singular
3rd-person singular grinds
plural grind
subjunctive grind grinded
imperative grind —
participles grinding grinded
Derived terms
  • bump and grind
  • grind down
  • have an axe to grind
  • grindset
Translations
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Noun

grind (countable and uncountable, plural grinds)

  1. The act of reducing to powder, or of sharpening, by friction.
  2. Something that has been reduced to powder, something that has been ground.
  3. A specific degree of pulverization of coffee beans.
    This bag contains espresso grind.
  4. A tedious and laborious task.
    Synonym: chore
    This homework is a grind.
    • 1961 February, D. Bertram, “The lines to Wetherby and their traffic”, in Trains Illustrated, page 101:
      Running again in more open agricultural country, the Harrogate line encounters a short downgrade before the stiff uphill grind to Harrogate begins.
  5. A grinding trick on a skateboard or snowboard.
  6. (archaic, slang) One who studies hard.
    Synonym: swot
    • 1900, “Gifford Arthur Nelson”, in The Naughty-Naughtian, page 118:
      If you are at all bright, don't be a grind. Grinding may make a second-hand genius of you (for all the real things are dead), and if you become a genius you will be sure to smoke dope or swallow laudanum. They all did it.
    • 1911, Sunset, volume 27, page 440:
      […] I suppose I don't know much about books, compared with you—”
      “Oh, I was never much of a grind,” the other cut in hastily.
  7. (uncountable, music) Clipping of grindcore (“subgenre of heavy metal”).
  8. (slang) Hustle; hard work. (Can we add an example for this sense?)
    I pledge allegiance to the grind. I'm up early as hell tryna get mine.
Translations

Etymology 2

From Faroese grind (“pilot-whale meat”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈɡɹɪnd/
  • Rhymes: -ɪnd

Noun

grind (plural grinds)

  1. A traditional communal pilot whale hunt in the Faroe Islands.
Synonyms
  • grindadráp

Anagrams

  • D-ring, dring

Albanian

Etymology

Either a nasal variant of grij or gërdhij, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrendʰ- (compare English grind, Lithuanian gréndžiu (“to scrape, scratch”). Same sense development as with grih.

Verb

grind (first-person singular past tense grinda, participle grindur)

  1. to brawl, to fight, to wrangle over
  • grij
  • gërryej
  • gërdhij

Dutch

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ɣrɪnt/
  • Audio(file)
  • Hyphenation: grind
  • Rhymes: -ɪnt

Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch grint, grinde, from Old Dutch *grinda, from Proto-Germanic *grindō (“sand, pebbles”).

Alternative forms

  • grinde, grinte (obsolete)
  • grint

Noun

grind n (uncountable)

  1. (geology) gravel, pebbles, shingle
Derived terms
  • grindbed
  • grindbeton
  • grinden
  • grindig
  • grindpad
  • grindweg
Descendants
  • Afrikaans: grint

Etymology 2

Germanic, perhaps from the above root as a crusty rash.

Alternative forms

  • grinde

Noun

grind n (uncountable)

  1. (archaic, pathology) The diseases scabies (human), mange (canine)
Synonyms
  • schurft m
Derived terms
  • grindig (adjective)

Anagrams

  • dring

Faroese

Etymology 1

From Old Norse grind (“gate”).

Noun

grind f (genitive singular grindar, plural grindir)

  1. A framework
  2. A grille
Declension
Declension of grind
f2singularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativegrindgrindingrindirgrindirnar
accusativegrindgrindinagrindirgrindirnar
dativegrindgrindinigrindumgrindunum
genitivegrindargrindarinnargrindagrindanna

Etymology 2

The term is a Faroese invention. A school of pilot whales reminds of a framework (see grind above) in the sea, by swimming very close to each other. The Faroese term was loaned in many other languages; compare German Grindwal, Danish grindehval or Dutch griend.More likely the word is related to the English word ground and refers to the whales frequently being grounded or easily driven onto ground.

Noun

grind f (genitive singular grindar, plural grindir)

  1. A school of grindahvalur (pilot whales)
  2. The tvøst (meat) and spik (blubber) of the pilot whales
  3. The act of pilot whaling, grindadráp
  4. (figuratively) An unexpected meal
Declension
Declension of grind
f2singularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativegrindgrindingrindirgrindirnar
accusativegrindgrindinagrindirgrindirnar
dativegrindgrindinigrindumgrindunum
genitivegrindargrindarinnargrindagrindanna
Descendants
  • Belarusian: гры́нда (hrýnda)
  • ⇒ Danish: grindehval
  • Dutch: griend
  • German: Grindwal
  • Icelandic: grind
  • Russian: гри́нда (grínda)
  • Ukrainian: гри́нда (hrýnda)

Icelandic

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /krɪnt/
  • Rhymes: -ɪnt

Etymology 1

From Old Norse grind.

Noun

grind f (genitive singular grindar, nominative plural grindur)

  1. lattice, grid, grille
  2. framework
  3. (order theory) lattice
Declension
declension of grind
f-s3singularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativegrindgrindingrindurgrindurnar
accusativegrindgrindinagrindurgrindurnar
dativegrindgrindinnigrindumgrindunum
genitivegrindargrindarinnargrindagrindanna

Etymology 2

From Faroese grind.

Noun

grind f (genitive singular grindar, nominative plural grindur)

  1. pilot whale
Declension
declension of grind
f-s3singularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativegrindgrindingrindurgrindurnar
accusativegrindgrindinagrindurgrindurnar
dativegrindgrindinnigrindumgrindunum
genitivegrindargrindarinnargrindagrindanna
Synonyms
  • (pilot whale): grindahvalur, marsvín

Anagrams

  • girnd

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old Norse grind.

Noun

grind f or m (definite singular grinda or grinden, indefinite plural grinder, definite plural grindene)

  1. A hinged gate across a road or path where it is intersected by a fence.
  2. A framework
  3. A grille

Derived terms

  • beingrind
  • grindgjerde
  • grindhval
  • grindsag
  • grindstolpe
  • grindverk
  • grindveving
  • grindåpner
  • husgrind
  • lekegrind, leikegrind
  • takgrind
  • trappegrind

References

  • “grind” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
  • “grind” in The Ordnett Dictionary

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse grind.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ɡrɪnd/, /ɡrɪnː/

Noun

grind f (definite singular grinda, indefinite plural grinder, definite plural grindene)

  1. A hinged gate across a road or path where it is intersected by a fence.
  2. A framework
  3. A grille

Inflection

Historical inflection of grind
indefinite singulardefinite singularindefinite pluraldefinite plural
Aasen1GrindGrindiGrindarGrindarna
1901grindarne (grindane)
1917grinda, grindigrindergrindene
1938grinda [grindi]
2012 (current)grindgrindagrindergrindene

Forms in italics are currently considered non-standard. Forms in [brackets] were official, but considered second-tier. Forms in (parentheses) were allowed under Midlandsnormalen. 1Nouns were capitalised for most of the 19th century.

Derived terms

  • leikegrind
  • takgrind
  • trappegrind

References

  • “grind” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *grindiz.

Noun

grind f (genitive grindar, plural grindr)

  1. a gate made of spars or bars
  2. haven, dock
  3. storehouses

Declension

  Declension of grind (strong i-stem)
femininesingularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativegrindgrindingrindirgrindirnar
accusativegrindgrindinagrindirgrindirnar
dativegrindgrindinnigrindumgrindunum
genitivegrindargrindarinnargrindagrindanna
  Declension of grind (strong consonant stem)
femininesingularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativegrindgrindingrindrgrindrnar
accusativegrindgrindinagrindrgrindrnar
dativegrindgrindinnigrindumgrindunum
genitivegrindar, grindrgrindarinnar, grindrinnargrindagrindanna

Descendants

  • Icelandic: grind
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: grind
  • Norwegian Bokmål: grind
  • Swedish: grind

References

  • “grind”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Swedish grind, from Old Norse grind, from Proto-Germanic *grindiz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrendʰ-.

Noun

grind c

  1. A gate; door-like structure outside a building
  2. (computing) A gate, logical pathway

Declension

Declension of grind 
SingularPlural
IndefiniteDefiniteIndefiniteDefinite
Nominativegrindgrindengrindargrindarna
Genitivegrindsgrindensgrindarsgrindarnas

Anagrams

  • ringd
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