grafa

grafa

See also: grāfa and grāfā

Icelandic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkraːva/

  Rhymes: -aːva

Etymology 1

From Old Norse grafa (“to dig”), from Proto-Germanic *grabaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrābʰ- (“to dig, scratch, scrape”).

Verb

grafa (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative gróf, third-person plural past indicative grófu, supine grafið)

1. to dig
2. to bury
3. to engrave
4. to enquire
5. (impersonal) to suppurate, fester

Conjugation

grafa — active voice (germynd)

infinitive (nafnháttur)		að grafa
supine (sagnbót)		grafið
present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar)		grafandi
	indicative (framsöguháttur)			subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur)
present (nútíð)	ég gref	við gröfum	present (nútíð)	ég grafi	við gröfum
	þú grefur	þið grafið		þú grafir	þið grafið
	hann, hún, það grefur	þeir, þær, þau grafa		hann, hún, það grafi	þeir, þær, þau grafi
past (þátíð)	ég gróf	við grófum	past (þátíð)	ég græfi	við græfum
	þú grófst	þið grófuð		þú græfir	þið græfuð
	hann, hún, það gróf	þeir, þær, þau grófu		hann, hún, það græfi	þeir, þær, þau græfu
imperative (boðháttur)	graf (þú)	grafið (þið)
	Forms with appended personal pronoun
	grafðu	grafiði *
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

grafast — mediopassive voice (miðmynd)

infinitive (nafnháttur)		að grafast
supine (sagnbót)		grafist
present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar)		grafandist ** ** the mediopassive present participle is extremely rare and normally not used; it is never used attributively or predicatively, only for explicatory subclauses
	indicative (framsöguháttur)			subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur)
present (nútíð)	ég grefst	við gröfumst	present (nútíð)	ég grafist	við gröfumst
	þú grefst	þið grafist		þú grafist	þið grafist
	hann, hún, það grefst	þeir, þær, þau grafast		hann, hún, það grafist	þeir, þær, þau grafist
past (þátíð)	ég grófst	við grófumst	past (þátíð)	ég græfist	við græfumst
	þú grófst	þið grófust		þú græfist	þið græfust
	hann, hún, það grófst	þeir, þær, þau grófust		hann, hún, það græfist	þeir, þær, þau græfust
imperative (boðháttur)	grafst (þú)	grafist (þið)
	Forms with appended personal pronoun
	grafstu	grafisti *
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

grafinn — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)

strong declension (sterk beyging)	singular (eintala)				plural (fleirtala)
	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)		masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	grafinn	grafin	grafið		grafnir	grafnar	grafin
accusative (þolfall)	grafinn	grafna	grafið		grafna	grafnar	grafin
dative (þágufall)	gröfnum	grafinni	gröfnu		gröfnum	gröfnum	gröfnum
genitive (eignarfall)	grafins	grafinnar	grafins		grafinna	grafinna	grafinna
weak declension (veik beyging)	singular (eintala)				plural (fleirtala)
	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)		masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	grafni	grafna	grafna		gröfnu	gröfnu	gröfnu
accusative (þolfall)	grafna	gröfnu	grafna		gröfnu	gröfnu	gröfnu
dative (þágufall)	grafna	gröfnu	grafna		gröfnu	gröfnu	gröfnu
genitive (eignarfall)	grafna	gröfnu	grafna		gröfnu	gröfnu	gröfnu

Synonyms

• (to bury): greftra
• (to engrave): skera
• (to enquire): grafast, spyrja

Derived terms

• grafa skurði (“to trench”)
• grafa undan (“to undermine”)

Related terms

• gröf

Etymology 2

From the verb grafa (“to dig”).

A modern excavator.

Noun

grafa f (genitive singular gröfu, nominative plural gröfur)

1. an excavator, a digger; (large machine used to dig holes and trenches)

Declension

declension of grafa

f-w1	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	grafa	grafan	gröfur	gröfurnar
accusative	gröfu	gröfuna	gröfur	gröfurnar
dative	gröfu	gröfunni	gröfum	gröfunum
genitive	gröfu	gröfunnar	grafa	grafanna

Derived terms

• keðjugrafa (“trencher”)
• traktorsgrafa (“excavator loader”)
• vélgrafa (“mechanical excavator”)
• víragrafa (“rope-operated excavator”)
• vökvagrafa (“hydraulic excavator”)

 

Noun

grafa

1. indefinite genitive plural of gröf

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Irish

Verb

grafa

1. past participle of graf (“write; draw, sketch; graph, plot, chart”)

Noun

grafa m sg

1. genitive singular of grafadh

Noun

grafa m pl

1. vocative plural of graf (“graph, chart”)

Noun

grafa m sg

1. genitive singular of grafadh (“(act of) grubbing, hoeing; grubbed land”)

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Eclipsis
grafa	ghrafa	ngrafa
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “grafa”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

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Lithuanian

Pronunciation

• (grafà) IPA^(key): /ɡraˈfa/

Noun

grafà f (plural grafos) stress pattern 2[1]

1. space between two vertical lines;[1] column[2]

Declension

Declension of grafà

	singular (vienaskaita)	plural (daugiskaita)
nominative (vardininkas)	grafà	grafos
genitive (kilmininkas)	grafos	grafų
dative (naudininkas)	grafai	grafoms
accusative (galininkas)	grafą	grafàs
instrumental (įnagininkas)	grafà	grafomis
locative (vietininkas)	grafoje	grafose
vocative (šauksmininkas)	grafa	grafos

Synonyms

• skiltis f

References

1. Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (t. I–XX, 1941–2002): elektroninis variantas. Redaktorių kolegija: Gertrūda Naktinienė (vyr. redaktorė), Jonas Paulauskas, Ritutė Petrokienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė. Programuotojai: Evaldas Ožeraitis, Vytautas Zinkevičius. – Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005 (atnaujinta versija, 2017). – http://www.lkz.lt. →ISBN
2. Martsinkyavitshute, Victoria (1993), Hippocrene Concise Dictionary: Lithuanian-English/English-Lithuanian. New York: Hippocrene Books. →ISBN

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Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *grabaną.

Verb

grafa

1. to dig
2. to bury
3. to engrave
4. to enquire (also in middle voice: grafask)
5. (impersonal) to cause the formation of pus (in something); suppurate

Conjugation

Conjugation of grafa — active (strong class 6)

infinitive	grafa
present participle	grafandi
past participle	grafinn
indicative	present	past
1st-person singular	gref	gróf
2nd-person singular	grefr	gróft
3rd-person singular	grefr	gróf
1st-person plural	grǫfum	grófum
2nd-person plural	grafið	grófuð
3rd-person plural	grafa	grófu
subjunctive	present	past
1st-person singular	grafa	grœfa
2nd-person singular	grafir	grœfir
3rd-person singular	grafi	grœfi
1st-person plural	grafim	grœfim
2nd-person plural	grafið	grœfið
3rd-person plural	grafi	grœfi
imperative	present
2nd-person singular	graf
1st-person plural	grǫfum
2nd-person plural	grafið

Conjugation of grafa — mediopassive (strong class 6)

infinitive	grafask
present participle	grafandisk
past participle	grafizk
indicative	present	past
1st-person singular	grǫfumk	grófumk
2nd-person singular	grefsk	grófzk
3rd-person singular	grefsk	grófsk
1st-person plural	grǫfumsk	grófumsk
2nd-person plural	grafizk	grófuzk
3rd-person plural	grafask	grófusk
subjunctive	present	past
1st-person singular	grǫfumk	grœfumk
2nd-person singular	grafisk	grœfisk
3rd-person singular	grafisk	grœfisk
1st-person plural	grafimsk	grœfimsk
2nd-person plural	grafizk	grœfizk
3rd-person plural	grafisk	grœfisk
imperative	present
2nd-person singular	grafsk
1st-person plural	grǫfumsk
2nd-person plural	grafizk

Related terms

• grǫf

Descendants

• Icelandic: grafa
• Faroese: grava
• Norwegian:
  • Norwegian Bokmål: grave
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: grave, grava
• Elfdalian: gråvå
• Old Swedish: grava, græva
  • Swedish: grava, gräva; grafva, gräfva (pre-1906 spelling)
• Danish: grave

References

• “grafa”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

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Scottish Gaelic

Noun

grafa m sg

1. genitive singular of graf

Mutation

Scottish Gaelic mutation
Radical	Lenition
grafa	ghrafa
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.