graf

See also: graaf, Graf, gráf, and -graf

English

Pronunciation

Audio (AU) (file)

Etymology 1

From German Graf (“count”). Doublet of graaf and grave.

Noun

graf (plural grafs)

(uncommon, now historical) A German or Austrian count.
- 1843 February, "Graf de Tropp", in Fraser's Magazine for Town and Country, volume 27, [books.google.com/books?id=9ZUtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA200 page 200]:
  Without ceremony, the Graf, on his entering the drawing-room, seated himself at the piano-forte, and proposed affording his new friends "a leetle example" how music was performed in Hungary.

Coordinate terms

gräfin

Etymology 2

Phonetic respelling of clipping of paragraph.

Noun

graf (plural grafs)

(journalism, slang) A paragraph.

Noun

graf (uncountable)

Alternative spelling of graff (“graffiti”)
- 2002, Janice Rahn, Painting Without Permission: Hip-hop Graffiti Subculture (page 7)
  For example, a current trend in graf is to simulate a three-dimensional effect (see Figure 1.2). No one graf artist is associated with having developed this method.
- 2012, P. D. Smith, City: A Guidebook for the Urban Age (page 84)
  Naar had been photographing the 'palimpsest of writings and marks on walls' since 1955 and he says his interest in graf is 'political, in the Greek sense of engagement with the life of the "polis", or city-state'.

Anagrams

frag

Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch graf and graft (see the plural).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /χraf/
Audio (file)

Noun

graf (plural grafte)

grave

Albanian

Alternative forms

grah (Standard, Tosk)

Verb

graf (first-person singular past tense grafa, participle grafë)

Gheg form of grah (“to incite; bellow, roar; rattle”)[1]

References

Orel, Vladimir (1998), “graf ~ grah”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 121

Catalan

Pronunciation

(Balearic, Central, Valencian) IPA^(key): /ˈɡɾaf/

Noun

graf m (plural grafs)

(mathematics) graph

Czech

graf

graf

Etymology

Ancient Greek γράφω (gráphō)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈɡraf]
Rhymes: -af

Noun

graf m

graph (mathematical diagram)
(graph theory) graph (nodes and edges connecting the nodes)
chart (graphical presentation)

Derived terms

grafový
podgraf
koláčový graf
orientovaný graf
neorientovaný graf
úplný graf
teorie grafů

Related terms

Czech terms suffixed with -graf

Czech terms suffixed with -grafie

Related terms

-graf
-grafie
grafický
grafik
grafika
grafikon
grafoman

Danish

Etymology

From English graph.

Noun

graf

graph, visualization of an equation or a function
(graph theory) graph

Declension

Declension of graf

common gender	Singular		Plural
common gender	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	graf	grafen	grafer	graferne
genitive	grafs	grafens	grafers	grafernes

Derived terms

grafteori, grafisk

Dutch

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɣrɑf/
Rhymes: -ɑf
audio (file)

Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch graf, from Old Dutch *graf, from Proto-Germanic *grabą, *grabō (“grave, trench, ditch”).

Noun

graf n (plural graven, diminutive grafje n)

grave

Derived terms

familiegraf
grafgift
graflucht
grafmongool
grafsteen
graftak
massagraf

Related terms

graven

Descendants

Afrikaans: graf
Negerhollands: graf
→ Papiamentu: graf

Etymology 2

From French grave (“serious, grave”). Most likely influenced by Dutch erg which can mean "serious, grave" as well as "very". The alternative form graaf (“very”), also slang, has the same origin and meaning, but stays closer to the original French pronunciation.

Adverb

graf

(slang, Belgium) very
Dat is graf duur — That's very expensive

French

Noun

graf m (plural grafs)

(slang) Clipping of graffiti.
L'usage du tag et du graf s'affirme d'autant plus comme un pouvoir de communication tribale constituant un code secret.

Icelandic

Noun

graf n (genitive singular grafs, nominative plural gröf)

graph, chart

Declension

declension of graf

	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
n-s	singular		plural
nominative	graf	grafið	gröf	gröfin
accusative	graf	grafið	gröf	gröfin
dative	grafi	grafinu	gröfum	gröfunum
genitive	grafs	grafsins	grafa	grafanna

Indonesian

Etymology

Borrowed from English graph.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɡraf/
Rhymes: -ɡraf, -raf, -af, -f
Hyphenation: graf

Noun

graf (plural graf-graf, first-person possessive grafku, second-person possessive grafmu, third-person possessive grafnya)

(linguistics, typography) graph: A graphical unit on the token-level, the abstracted fundamental shape of a character or letter as distinct from its ductus (realization in a particular typeface or handwriting on the instance-level) and as distinct by a grapheme on the type-level by not fundamentally distinguishing meaning.
Synonym: huruf

Related terms

grafik
grafika
grafis

Irish

Etymology

Borrowed from English graph.

Noun

graf m (genitive singular graif, nominative plural graif)

graph, chart

Declension

Declension of graf

First declension

Bare forms:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	graf	graif
Vocative	a ghraif	a ghrafa
Genitive	graif	graf
Dative	graf	graif

Forms with the definite article:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	an graf	na graif
Genitive	an ghraif	na ngraf
Dative	leis an ngraf don ghraf	leis na graif

Alternative plural: grafanna

Derived terms

grafach (“graphic(al)”, adjective)
grafeolaíocht f (“graphology”)
grafpháipéar m (“graph paper”)
graiftheoiric f (“graph theory”)

Related terms

grafachas m (“graphism”)

Verb

graf (present analytic grafann, future analytic grafaidh, verbal noun grafadh, past participle grafa)

(transitive, intransitive, literary) write; draw, sketch
(transitive, mathematics, statistics) graph, plot, chart

Conjugation

First Conjugation (A)

		singular			plural			relative	autonomous
		first	second	third	first	second	third	relative	autonomous
indicative	present	grafaim	grafann tú; grafair^†	grafann sé, sí	grafaimid	grafann sibh	grafann siad; grafaid^†	a ghrafann; a ghrafas / a ngrafann; a ngrafas	graftar
	past	ghraf mé; ghrafas	ghraf tú; ghrafais	ghraf sé, sí	ghrafamar; ghraf muid	ghraf sibh; ghrafabhair	ghraf siad; ghrafadar	a ghraf / ar ghraf*	grafadh
	past habitual	ghrafainn / ngrafainn‡‡	ghraftá / ngraftá‡‡	ghrafadh sé, sí / ngrafadh sé, sí‡‡	ghrafaimis; ghrafadh muid / ngrafaimis‡‡; ngrafadh muid‡‡	ghrafadh sibh / ngrafadh sibh‡‡	ghrafaidís; ghrafadh siad / ngrafaidís‡‡; ngrafadh siad‡‡	a ghrafadh / a ngrafadh*	ghraftaí / ngraftaí‡‡
	future	grafaidh mé; grafad	grafaidh tú; grafair^†	grafaidh sé, sí	grafaimid; grafaidh muid	grafaidh sibh	grafaidh siad; grafaid^†	a ghrafaidh; a ghrafas / a ngrafaidh; a ngrafas	grafar
conditional		ghrafainn / ngrafainn‡‡	ghrafá / ngrafá‡‡	ghrafadh sé, sí / ngrafadh sé, sí‡‡	ghrafaimis; ghrafadh muid / ngrafaimis‡‡; ngrafadh muid‡‡	ghrafadh sibh / ngrafadh sibh‡‡	ghrafaidís; ghrafadh siad / ngrafaidís‡‡; ngrafadh siad‡‡	a ghrafadh / a ngrafadh*	ghrafaí / ngrafaí‡‡
subjunctive	present	go ngrafa mé; go ngrafad^†	go ngrafa tú; go ngrafair^†	go ngrafa sé, sí	go ngrafaimid; go ngrafa muid	go ngrafa sibh	go ngrafa siad; go ngrafaid^†	—	go ngraftar
subjunctive	past	dá ngrafainn	dá ngraftá	dá ngrafadh sé, sí	dá ngrafaimis; dá ngrafadh muid	dá ngrafadh sibh	dá ngrafaidís; dá ngrafadh siad	—	dá ngraftaí
imperative		grafaim	graf	grafadh sé, sí	grafaimis	grafaigí; grafaidh^†	grafaidís	—	graftar
verbal noun		grafadh
past participle		graftha

* Indirect relative
† Archaic or dialect form
‡‡ Dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Eclipsis
graf	ghraf	ngraf
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “graf”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

Middle English

Noun

graf

Alternative form of grave

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

Borrowed from English graph.

Noun

graf m (definite singular grafen, indefinite plural grafer, definite plural grafene)

graph (diagram)

References

“graf” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

Borrowed from English graph.

Noun

graf m (definite singular grafen, indefinite plural grafar, definite plural grafane)

graph (diagram)

References

“graf” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old English

Etymology

Uncertain, lacking cognates in other Germanic languages. Perhaps from grafan (“to dig”), similar to drāf (“drove”) and drifan.[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɡrɑːf/

Noun

grāf ?

grove

Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Descendants

Middle English: grove, grave, grof
- English: grove
- Scots: grave (obsolete)
- Yola: greve

References

Puppel, S. (2010). Language History and Linguistic Modelling: A Festschrift for Jacek Fisiak on His 60th Birthday. Germany: De Gruyter., p. 134-135

Old Spanish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈɡɾaɸ]

Adjective

graf m or f (plural graves)

Apocopic form of grave; serious; grave; major
- c. 1200: Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 17v.
  e la coſa graf q̇ nȯ podrȧ iudgar adugȧ la aty. e iudgar laas.
  And any grave matter they cannot judge themselves they will bring to you, so that you may judge it.

Polish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɡraf/
Audio (file)
Rhymes: -af
Syllabification: graf

Noun

graf m inan

(mathematics) graph

Declension

Declension of graf

	singular	plural
nominative	graf	grafy
genitive	grafu	grafów
dative	grafowi	grafom
accusative	graf	grafy
instrumental	grafem	grafami
locative	grafie	grafach
vocative	grafie	grafy

Romanian

Etymology 1

From French graph.

Noun

graf n (plural grafuri)

graph

Declension

Declension of graf

	singular		plural
	indefinite articulation	definite articulation	indefinite articulation	definite articulation
nominative/accusative	(un) graf	graful	(niște) grafuri	grafurile
genitive/dative	(unui) graf	grafului	(unor) grafuri	grafurilor
vocative	grafule		grafurilor

Etymology 2

From German Graf.

Noun

graf m (plural grafi)

count

Declension

Declension of graf

	singular		plural
	indefinite articulation	definite articulation	indefinite articulation	definite articulation
nominative/accusative	(un) graf	graful	(niște) grafi	grafii
genitive/dative	(unui) graf	grafului	(unor) grafi	grafilor
vocative	grafule		grafilor

Scottish Gaelic

Noun

graf m (genitive singular grafa, plural grafaichean)

graph

Derived terms

clò-ghrafachd

Serbo-Croatian

Noun

grȁf m (Cyrillic spelling гра̏ф)

(mathematics) graph
(graph theory) graph

Declension

Declension of graf

	singular	plural
nominative	grȁf	gràfovi
genitive	grafa	grafova
dative	grafu	grafovima
accusative	graf	grafove
vocative	grafe	grafovi
locative	grafu	grafovima
instrumental	grafom	grafovima

Swedish

Etymology

From English graph, shortened from graphic formula.

Noun

graf c

(mathematics) graph, the set ${\\displaystyle \\left\\{(x,F({x}))\\right\\}}$
(graph theory) graph; an ordered set (V,E) of edges which joins to the vertices such that each of the edge's ends is located at a vertex
Obsolete spelling of grav

Declension

Declension of graf
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	graf	grafen	grafer	graferna
Genitive	grafs	grafens	grafers	grafernas

Declension of graf 3
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	graf	grafven	grafvar	grafvarna
Genitive	grafs	grafvens	grafvars	grafvarnas

Related terms

grafik
grafiker
grafisk
grafteori
telegraf

Volapük

Noun

graf (nominative plural grafs)

count (ruler of a county)

Declension

declension of graf

	singular	plural
nominative	graf	grafs
genitive	grafa	grafas
dative	grafe	grafes
accusative	grafi	grafis
vocative ¹	o graf!	o grafs!
predicative ²	grafu	grafus

¹ status as a case is disputed
² in later, non-classical Volapük only

Derived terms

grafän

[1] Orel, Vladimir (1998), “graf ~ grah”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 121

[2] Puppel, S. (2010). Language History and Linguistic Modelling: A Festschrift for Jacek Fisiak on His 60th Birthday. Germany: De Gruyter., p. 134-135

graf

English

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Coordinate terms

Etymology 2

Noun

Noun

Anagrams

Afrikaans

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Albanian

Alternative forms

Verb

References

Catalan

Pronunciation

Noun

Further reading

Czech

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

Related terms

See also

Further reading

Danish

Etymology

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Dutch

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Etymology 2

Adverb

French

Noun

Further reading

Icelandic

Noun

Declension

Indonesian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Related terms

Further reading

Irish

Etymology

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Related terms

Verb

Conjugation

Mutation

References

Middle English

Noun

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

Noun

References

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

Noun

References

Old English

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun