goddef
Welsh
Etymology
From Middle Welsh goðef, from Proto-Brythonic *gwoðėβ̃jɨd, from Proto-Celtic *uɸodamyeti (compare Old Irish fo·daim).
Pronunciation
- (North Wales, standard) IPA(key): /ˈɡɔðɛv/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /ˈɡɔðɛ/
- (South Wales, standard) IPA(key): /ˈɡoːðɛv/, /ˈɡɔðɛv/
- (South Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /ˈɡoːðɛ/, /ˈɡɔðɛ/
Verb
goddef (first-person singular present goddefaf)
- (transitive) to suffer, to endure
- (transitive) to permit, to allow, to let
Conjugation
Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | goddefaf | goddefi | goddefa | goddefwn | goddefwch | goddefant | goddefir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional | goddefwn | goddefit | goddefai | goddefem | goddefech | goddefent | goddefid | |
| preterite | goddefais | goddefaist | goddefodd | goddefasom | goddefasoch | goddefasant | goddefwyd | |
| pluperfect | goddefaswn | goddefasit | goddefasai | goddefasem | goddefasech | goddefasent | goddefasid, goddefesid | |
| present subjunctive | goddefwyf | goddefych | goddefo | goddefom | goddefoch | goddefont | goddefer | |
| imperative | — | goddefa | goddefed | goddefwn | goddefwch | goddefent | goddefer | |
| verbal noun | goddef | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | goddefedig goddefadwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | goddefa i, goddefaf i | goddefi di | goddefith o/e/hi, goddefiff e/hi | goddefwn ni | goddefwch chi | goddefan nhw |
| conditional | goddefwn i, goddefswn i | goddefet ti, goddefset ti | goddefai fo/fe/hi, goddefsai fo/fe/hi | goddefen ni, goddefsen ni | goddefech chi, goddefsech chi | goddefen nhw, goddefsen nhw |
| preterite | goddefais i, goddefes i | goddefaist ti, goddefest ti | goddefodd o/e/hi | goddefon ni | goddefoch chi | goddefon nhw |
| imperative | — | goddefa | — | — | goddefwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Derived terms
- dioddef
- goddefedd
- goddefgar
- goddefiad
- goddefol
Mutation
| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
| goddef | oddef | ngoddef | unchanged |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
Further reading
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “goddef”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies