glan
Breton
Etymology
From Proto-Brythonic *glan, from Proto-Celtic *glanos (“clean, clear”).
Adjective
glan
- pure
Mutation
| Breton consonant mutation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unmutated | soft | aspirate | hard | mixed | |
| glan | c'hlan | unchanged | klan | c'hlan | |
Irish
Pronunciation
- (Munster) IPA(key): /ɡl̪ˠɑːn̪ˠ/[1] (as if spelled glán)
- (Connacht, Ulster) IPA(key): /ɡlˠanˠ/, /ɡl̪ˠan̪ˠ/
Etymology 1
From Old Irish glan, from Proto-Celtic *glanos (“clean, clear”).
Adjective
glan (genitive singular masculine glain, genitive singular feminine glaine, plural glana, comparative glaine)
- clean
- clear
Declension
| Singular | Plural (m/f) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | Masculine | Feminine | (strong noun) | (weak noun) |
| Nominative | glan | ghlan | glana; ghlana² | |
| Vocative | ghlain | glana | ||
| Genitive | glaine | glana | glan | |
| Dative | glan; ghlan¹ | ghlan; ghlain (archaic) | glana; ghlana² | |
| Comparative | níos glaine | |||
| Superlative | is glaine | |||
¹ When the preceding noun is lenited and governed by the definite article.
² When the preceding noun ends in a slender consonant.
- Archaic declension
| Singular | Plural (m/f) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | Masculine | Feminine | (strong noun) | (weak noun) |
| Nominative | glan | ghlan | glana; ghlana² | |
| Vocative | ghloin | glana | ||
| Genitive | gloine | glana | glan | |
| Dative | glan; ghlan¹ | ghlan; ghloin (archaic) | glana; ghlana² | |
| Comparative | níos gloine | |||
| Superlative | is gloine | |||
¹ When the preceding noun is lenited and governed by the definite article.
² When the preceding noun ends in a slender consonant.
Derived terms
- spéirghlan
Etymology 2
From Old Irish glanaid (“cleanses, purifies, purges”), from the adjective.
Verb
glan (present analytic glanann, future analytic glanfaidh, verbal noun glanadh, past participle glanta)
- clean
Conjugation
| singular | plural | relative | autonomous | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||||
| indicative | present | glanaim | glanann tú; glanair† | glanann sé, sí | glanaimid | glanann sibh | glanann siad; glanaid† | a ghlanann; a ghlanas / a nglanann*; a nglanas* | glantar |
| past | ghlan mé; ghlanas | ghlan tú; ghlanais | ghlan sé, sí | ghlanamar; ghlan muid | ghlan sibh; ghlanabhair | ghlan siad; ghlanadar | a ghlan / ar ghlan* | glanadh | |
| past habitual | ghlanainn / nglanainn‡‡ | ghlantá / nglantᇇ | ghlanadh sé, sí / nglanadh sé, s퇇 | ghlanaimis; ghlanadh muid / nglanaimis‡‡; nglanadh muid‡‡ | ghlanadh sibh / nglanadh sibh‡‡ | ghlanaidís; ghlanadh siad / nglanaidís‡‡; nglanadh siad‡‡ | a ghlanadh / a nglanadh* | ghlantaí / nglanta퇇 | |
| future | glanfaidh mé; glanfad | glanfaidh tú; glanfair† | glanfaidh sé, sí | glanfaimid; glanfaidh muid | glanfaidh sibh | glanfaidh siad; glanfaid† | a ghlanfaidh; a ghlanfas / a nglanfaidh*; a nglanfas* | glanfar | |
| conditional | ghlanfainn / nglanfainn‡‡ | ghlanfá / nglanfᇇ | ghlanfadh sé, sí / nglanfadh sé, s퇇 | ghlanfaimis; ghlanfadh muid / nglanfaimis‡‡; nglanfadh muid‡‡ | ghlanfadh sibh / nglanfadh sibh‡‡ | ghlanfaidís; ghlanfadh siad / nglanfaidís‡‡; nglanfadh siad‡‡ | a ghlanfadh / a nglanfadh* | ghlanfaí / nglanfa퇇 | |
| subjunctive | present | go nglana mé; go nglanad† | go nglana tú; go nglanair† | go nglana sé, sí | go nglanaimid; go nglana muid | go nglana sibh | go nglana siad; go nglanaid† | — | go nglantar |
| past | dá nglanainn | dá nglantá | dá nglanadh sé, sí | dá nglanaimis; dá nglanadh muid | dá nglanadh sibh | dá nglanaidís; dá nglanadh siad | — | dá nglantaí | |
| imperative | glanaim | glan | glanadh sé, sí | glanaimis | glanaigí; glanaidh† | glanaidís | — | glantar | |
| verbal noun | glanadh | ||||||||
| past participle | glanta | ||||||||
* Indirect relative
† Archaic or dialect form
‡‡ Dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis
Derived terms
- folúsghlan (“vacuum clean”, verb)
- glantóir m (“cleaner”)
- tirimghlan (“dry clean”, verb)
Mutation
| Irish mutation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Radical | Lenition | Eclipsis |
| glan | ghlan | nglan |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | ||
Further reading
- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “glan”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
References
- Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, page 42
Old Irish
Etymology
From Proto-Celtic *glanos.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɡlan/
Adjective
glan
- clean
- pure
- clear
Inflection
| o/ā-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | glan | glan | glan |
| Vocative | glain* glan** | ||
| Accusative | glan | glain | |
| Genitive | glain | glaine | glain |
| Dative | glan | glain | glan |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine/neuter | |
| Nominative | glain | glana | |
| Vocative | glanu glana† | ||
| Accusative | glanu glana† | ||
| Genitive | glan | ||
| Dative | glanaib | ||
| Notes | *modifying a noun whose vocative is different from its nominative **modifying a noun whose vocative is identical to its nominative | ||
Derived terms
- glanaid
Descendants
- Irish: glan
- Scottish Gaelic: glan
Verb
·glan
- third-person singular preterite conjunct of glanaid
glan
- second-person singular imperative of glanaid
Mutation
| Old Irish mutation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
| glan | glan pronounced with /ɣ(ʲ)-/ | nglan |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | ||
Further reading
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “glan”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
Old Polish
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *glěnь.
Noun
glan m
- dirt, filth
Descendants
- Polish: glon
Further reading
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, editor (2011–2015), “glan”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Polish
Etymology
From glanc with a semantic shift of shine to boots polished to a shine to bovver boot.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɡlan/
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -an
- Syllabification: glan
Noun
glan m inan
- bovver boot
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | glan | glany |
| genitive | glana | glanów |
| dative | glanowi | glanom |
| accusative | glan | glany |
| instrumental | glanem | glanami |
| locative | glanie | glanach |
| vocative | glanie | glany |
References
- Adam Fałowski (2022) Słownik etymologiczny polszczyzny potocznej, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, →ISBN
Further reading
- glan in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- glan in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Scottish Gaelic
Etymology 1
From Old Irish glan, from Proto-Celtic *glanos (“clean, clear”).
Adjective
glan (comparative glaine)
- clean
- pure
- fine, grand, sheer
Etymology 2
From Old Irish glanaid (“cleanses, purifies, purges”), from glan.
Verb
glan (past ghlan, future glanaidh, verbal noun glanadh, past participle glante)
- clean, purify
- purge, refine
- weed
Welsh
Etymology
From Middle Welsh glann, from Proto-Brythonic *glann, from Proto-Celtic *glannos; see *glendos.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɡlan/
Noun
glan f (plural glannau or glennydd)
- bank, shore
Derived terms
- glanio (“to come ashore, to land”)
- Glannau Dyfrdwy (“Deeside”)
- Glannau Merswy (“Merseyside”)
- lan (“up(ward)”)
Mutation
| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
| glan | lan | nglan | unchanged |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
Further reading
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “glan”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies