gjalda
Faroese
Etymology
From Old Norse gjalda, from Proto-Germanic *geldaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ- (“to pay”). Cognates include English yield, German gelten, Dutch gelden, Swedish gälla, Norwegian gjelde, Icelandic gjalda and Danish gælde.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈt͡ʃalta]
Verb
gjalda (third person singular past indicative galt, third person plural past indicative guldu, supine goldið)
- to pay
Usage notes
Not to be mixed with galda or gelda which are partially homophonic with this verb.
Conjugation
Conjugation of gjalda
| v | ||||
| infinitive | gjalda | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| present participle | gjaldandi | |||
| past participle a26 | goldin | |||
| supine | goldið | |||
| number | singular | plural | ||
| person | first | second | third | all |
| indicative | eg | tú | hann/hon/tað | vit, tit, teir/tær/tey, tygum |
| present | gjaldi | geldur | geldur | gjalda |
| past | galt | galt | galt | guldu |
| imperative | – | tú | – | tit |
| present | — | gjald! | — | gjaldið! |
Icelandic
Etymology
From Old Norse gjalda, from Proto-Germanic *geldaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ- (“to pay”). Cognates include English yield, German gelten, Dutch gelden, Swedish gälla, Norwegian gjelde, Faroese gjalda and Danish gælde.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈcalta/
- Rhymes: -alta
Verb
gjalda (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative galt, third-person plural past indicative guldu, supine goldið)
- to pay
Conjugation
gjalda — active voice (germynd)
| infinitive (nafnháttur) | að gjalda | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| supine (sagnbót) | goldið | ||||
| present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar) | gjaldandi | ||||
| indicative (framsöguháttur) | subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur) | ||||
| present (nútíð) | ég geld | við gjöldum | present (nútíð) | ég gjaldi | við gjöldum |
| þú geldur | þið gjaldið | þú gjaldir | þið gjaldið | ||
| hann, hún, það geldur | þeir, þær, þau gjalda | hann, hún, það gjaldi | þeir, þær, þau gjaldi | ||
| past (þátíð) | ég galt | við guldum | past (þátíð) | ég gyldi | við gyldum |
| þú galst | þið gulduð | þú gyldir | þið gylduð | ||
| hann, hún, það galt | þeir, þær, þau guldu | hann, hún, það gyldi | þeir, þær, þau gyldu | ||
| imperative (boðháttur) | gjald (þú) | gjaldið (þið) | |||
| Forms with appended personal pronoun | |||||
| gjaltu | gjaldiði * | ||||
| * Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred. | |||||
gjaldast — mediopassive voice (miðmynd)
| infinitive (nafnháttur) | að gjaldast | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| supine (sagnbót) | goldist | ||||
| present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar) | gjaldandist ** ** the mediopassive present participle is extremely rare and normally not used; it is never used attributively or predicatively, only for explicatory subclauses | ||||
| indicative (framsöguháttur) | subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur) | ||||
| present (nútíð) | ég gelst | við gjöldumst | present (nútíð) | ég gjaldist | við gjöldumst |
| þú gelst | þið gjaldist | þú gjaldist | þið gjaldist | ||
| hann, hún, það gelst | þeir, þær, þau gjaldast | hann, hún, það gjaldist | þeir, þær, þau gjaldist | ||
| past (þátíð) | ég galst | við guldumst | past (þátíð) | ég gyldist | við gyldumst |
| þú galst | þið guldust | þú gyldist | þið gyldust | ||
| hann, hún, það galst | þeir, þær, þau guldust | hann, hún, það gyldist | þeir, þær, þau gyldust | ||
| imperative (boðháttur) | gjalst (þú) | gjaldist (þið) | |||
| Forms with appended personal pronoun | |||||
| gjalstu | gjaldisti * | ||||
| * Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred. | |||||
goldinn — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)
| strong declension (sterk beyging) | singular (eintala) | plural (fleirtala) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine (karlkyn) | feminine (kvenkyn) | neuter (hvorugkyn) | masculine (karlkyn) | feminine (kvenkyn) | neuter (hvorugkyn) | ||
| nominative (nefnifall) | goldinn | goldin | goldið | goldnir | goldnar | goldin | |
| accusative (þolfall) | goldinn | goldna | goldið | goldna | goldnar | goldin | |
| dative (þágufall) | goldnum | goldinni | goldnu | goldnum | goldnum | goldnum | |
| genitive (eignarfall) | goldins | goldinnar | goldins | goldinna | goldinna | goldinna | |
| weak declension (veik beyging) | singular (eintala) | plural (fleirtala) | |||||
| masculine (karlkyn) | feminine (kvenkyn) | neuter (hvorugkyn) | masculine (karlkyn) | feminine (kvenkyn) | neuter (hvorugkyn) | ||
| nominative (nefnifall) | goldni | goldna | goldna | goldnu | goldnu | goldnu | |
| accusative (þolfall) | goldna | goldnu | goldna | goldnu | goldnu | goldnu | |
| dative (þágufall) | goldna | goldnu | goldna | goldnu | goldnu | goldnu | |
| genitive (eignarfall) | goldna | goldnu | goldna | goldnu | goldnu | goldnu | |
Old Norse
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *geldaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ- (“to pay”).
Verb
gjalda (singular past indicative galt, plural past indicative guldu, past participle goldinn)
- (ditransitive) to repay, return
- gjalda gjǫf við gjǫf
- to pay back gift for gift
- (figuratively) to give
- (with genitive) to pay for, suffer on account
Conjugation
Conjugation of gjalda — active (strong class 3)
| infinitive | gjalda | |
|---|---|---|
| present participle | gjaldandi | |
| past participle | goldinn | |
| indicative | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | geld | galt |
| 2nd-person singular | geldr | galzt |
| 3rd-person singular | geldr | galt |
| 1st-person plural | gjǫldum | guldum |
| 2nd-person plural | gjaldið | gulduð |
| 3rd-person plural | gjalda | guldu |
| subjunctive | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | gjalda | gylda |
| 2nd-person singular | gjaldir | gyldir |
| 3rd-person singular | gjaldi | gyldi |
| 1st-person plural | gjaldim | gyldim |
| 2nd-person plural | gjaldið | gyldið |
| 3rd-person plural | gjaldi | gyldi |
| imperative | present | |
| 2nd-person singular | gjald | |
| 1st-person plural | gjǫldum | |
| 2nd-person plural | gjaldið | |
Conjugation of gjalda — mediopassive (strong class 3)
| infinitive | gjaldask | |
|---|---|---|
| present participle | gjaldandisk | |
| past participle | goldizk | |
| indicative | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | gjǫldumk | guldumk |
| 2nd-person singular | gelzk | galzk |
| 3rd-person singular | gelzk | galzk |
| 1st-person plural | gjǫldumsk | guldumsk |
| 2nd-person plural | gjaldizk | gulduzk |
| 3rd-person plural | gjaldask | guldusk |
| subjunctive | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | gjǫldumk | gyldumk |
| 2nd-person singular | gjaldisk | gyldisk |
| 3rd-person singular | gjaldisk | gyldisk |
| 1st-person plural | gjaldimsk | gyldimsk |
| 2nd-person plural | gjaldizk | gyldizk |
| 3rd-person plural | gjaldisk | gyldisk |
| imperative | present | |
| 2nd-person singular | gjalzk | |
| 1st-person plural | gjǫldumsk | |
| 2nd-person plural | gjaldizk | |
Descendants
- Icelandic: gjalda
- Faroese: gjalda
- Norwegian Nynorsk: gjelda, gjelde
- Norwegian Bokmål: gjelde
- Swedish: gälla
References
- gjalda in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press