già
Italian
Etymology
From Latin iam (“already, now”), from Proto-Indo-European *yē (“already”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌾𐌰 (ja), 𐌾𐌰𐌹 (jai, “yes”), Old High German ja, jā (“yes”), Old English ġēa (“yes”). More at yea, yes.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈd͡ʒa/*[1], /ˈd͡ʒa/°
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -a
- Hyphenation: già
Adverb
già
- already, yet
- Synonyms: ormai, fin d'ora
- as early as
- former, ex-
- Synonym: ex-
- Via Montello (già Trento)
- Montello Street (formerly known as Trento Street)
- Mario Rossi, già ministro delle Finanze
- Mario Rossi, former Minister of Finance
- (informal) yes, yeah
- an expletive, a word that adds to the strength of a phrase without affecting its meaning and is usually left untranslated
- Non credo io già, che ve ne avrete a male.
- I do not think you will take offense.
Derived terms
- giacché
- giammai
References
- già in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)
Further reading
- già in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
Anagrams
- AGI, agi, agì, gai
Middle Vietnamese
Alternative forms
- jà
Etymology
From Proto-Vietic *k-raː, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kraʔ ~ *(k)rah.
Attested in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651), a dictionary based chiefly on the Northern dialects.
The Middle Vietnamese form ancestral to the modern Southern Vietnamese form, although technically unattested, should be phonologically identical to the Northern Middle Vietnamese form here. The modern Southern form is listed as a "descendant" in this entry for convenience.
The modern North Central form tra is not a reflex of this form, but from an earlier from that underwent a seperate development of the onset.
Adjective
già (𦓅, 𫅷)
- (living being) old
- ou᷄ già ― old man
- bà già ― old woman
- thân ou᷄ già bà già ― dear old man and woman
- già cả ― very old
- già nua ― very old
- rủ rỉ già cả ― old and decrepit
- già lẩn ― senile
- già móm ― old and toothless
- Càng già càng khôn.
- Wisdom increases with age.
- đến già ― to reach old age, to approach old age
- overripe, mature
- blái già ― overripe fruit
- tle già ― mature bamboo
- ngà già ― mature ivory
- bạc già ― old silver
Descendants
- Northern Vietnamese: già
- Southern Vietnamese: già
See also
- già giẹt, già giệt
References
- De Rhodes, Alexandre (1651), “già”, Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.
- De Rhodes, Alexandre (1651), “càng”, Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.
- De Rhodes, Alexandre (1651), “đến”, Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.
- De Rhodes, Alexandre (1651), “lẩn”, Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.
- De Rhodes, Alexandre (1651), “móm”, Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.
Vietnamese
Alternative forms
- (North Central Vietnam) tra
Etymology
From Middle Vietnamese già, from Proto-Vietic *k-raː, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kraʔ ~ *(k)rah. Cognate with Muong khà, Tho [Cuối Chăm] kʰraː¹, Bahnar kră. Compare also Nghệ An/Hà Tĩnh dialects tra.
The standard written Vietnamese form is irregular (the expected form would be **sa), while the North Central form shows the shift from *k-r to *k-l observable in several other instances: compare sâu and trâu (“caterpillar”), sừng and trừng (“horn”). See giòi (“maggot”), giữa (“middle”) for other instances of mainstream Vietnamese ‹gi› from initial *k-r.
Pronunciation
- (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [zaː˨˩]
- (Huế) IPA(key): [jaː˦˩]
- (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA(key): [jaː˨˩]
Adjective
già • (𦓅, 𫅷)
- (of lifeforms) old; compare cũ (of objects)
- nhường bước người già ― to make way for the elderly
- gà già thịt dai ― old chickens have leathery meat
- cây già ― old tree
- tired, haggard
- mặt già ― tired face
- tìm một chị tiếng già để đóng vai bà lão ― to search for a woman with a tired voice to voice the role of an old woman
- lo nghĩ nhiều nên già trước tuổi ― to worry too much and thus age too soon
- veteran, experienced, longtime
- thầy già ― veteran teacher
- Cậu ta là bạn già của mình. ― He is my old friend.
- Chưa đến bốn mươi nhưng đã già tuổi Đảng.
- Not even 40 years old but already a Party veteran.
- overripe
- cau già ― overripe areca nut
- bầu già ― overripe gourd
- above average, more than normal
- nước nóng già ― too-warm water
- dọa già ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- nước ô-xi già ― hydrogen peroxide
- slightly excessive, over
- già một thước ― over by one meter
- lấy già một đấu ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Antonyms
- trẻ
See also
- già cả
- già chát
- già cỗi
- già dặn
- già khằn
- già khọm
- già khú
- già khú đế
- già néo đứt dây
- già nua
See also
- cũ; lão
Pronoun
già
- (literary or dialectal) I/me/you, a village/tribe elder or elderly person
- Cám ơn già.
- Thank you, elder.
Noun
già
- (familiar) elder, old person
- (card games) king
See also
Playing cards in Vietnamese · bài tây (layout · text) | ||||||
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![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
át, xì | heo, hai | ba | bốn | năm | sáu | bảy |
![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
tám | chín | mười | bồi | đầm | già | phăng teo |
References
- "già" in Hồ Ngọc Đức, Free Vietnamese Dictionary Project (details)
Anagrams
- gài