gefa
Icelandic
Etymology
From Old Norse gefa, from Proto-Germanic *gebaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰab(ʰ)-. Compare Old English giefan (“give”) (whence English give).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈcɛːva/
- Rhymes: -ɛːva
Verb
gefa (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative gaf, third-person plural past indicative gáfu, supine gefið)
- (transitive, governs the accusative) to give something
- Á Sprengisandi (“On Sprengisandur”) by Grímur Thomsen
- Ríðum, ríðum, rekum yfir sandinn,
- rökkrið er að síga á Herðubreið,
- álfadrottning er að beizla gandinn,
- ekki er gott að verða á hennar leið;
- vænsta klárinn vildi eg gefa til
- að vera kominn ofan í Kiðagil.
- Ride, ride, ride hard across the sands,
- darkness settles over Herðubreið.
- The Queen of the elves bridles her steed -
- be careful not to cross her path.
- My best horse I'd give
- to be safely back in Kiðagil.
- Á Sprengisandi (“On Sprengisandur”) by Grímur Thomsen
- (ditransitive, governs the dative and accusative) to give somebody something
Conjugation
gefa — active voice (germynd)
| infinitive (nafnháttur) | að gefa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| supine (sagnbót) | gefið | ||||
| present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar) | gefandi | ||||
| indicative (framsöguháttur) | subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur) | ||||
| present (nútíð) | ég gef | við gefum | present (nútíð) | ég gefi | við gefum |
| þú gefur | þið gefið | þú gefir | þið gefið | ||
| hann, hún, það gefur | þeir, þær, þau gefa | hann, hún, það gefi | þeir, þær, þau gefi | ||
| past (þátíð) | ég gaf | við gáfum | past (þátíð) | ég gæfi | við gæfum |
| þú gafst | þið gáfuð | þú gæfir | þið gæfuð | ||
| hann, hún, það gaf | þeir, þær, þau gáfu | hann, hún, það gæfi | þeir, þær, þau gæfu | ||
| imperative (boðháttur) | gef (þú) | gefið (þið) | |||
| Forms with appended personal pronoun | |||||
| gefðu | gefiði * | ||||
| * Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred. | |||||
gefast — mediopassive voice (miðmynd)
| infinitive (nafnháttur) | að gefast | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| supine (sagnbót) | gefist | ||||
| present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar) | gefandist ** ** the mediopassive present participle is extremely rare and normally not used; it is never used attributively or predicatively, only for explicatory subclauses | ||||
| indicative (framsöguháttur) | subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur) | ||||
| present (nútíð) | ég gefst | við gefumst | present (nútíð) | ég gefist | við gefumst |
| þú gefst | þið gefist | þú gefist | þið gefist | ||
| hann, hún, það gefst | þeir, þær, þau gefast | hann, hún, það gefist | þeir, þær, þau gefist | ||
| past (þátíð) | ég gafst | við gáfumst | past (þátíð) | ég gæfist | við gæfumst |
| þú gafst | þið gáfust | þú gæfist | þið gæfust | ||
| hann, hún, það gafst | þeir, þær, þau gáfust | hann, hún, það gæfist | þeir, þær, þau gæfust | ||
| imperative (boðháttur) | gefst (þú) | gefist (þið) | |||
| Forms with appended personal pronoun | |||||
| gefstu | gefisti * | ||||
| * Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred. | |||||
gefinn — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)
| strong declension (sterk beyging) | singular (eintala) | plural (fleirtala) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine (karlkyn) | feminine (kvenkyn) | neuter (hvorugkyn) | masculine (karlkyn) | feminine (kvenkyn) | neuter (hvorugkyn) | ||
| nominative (nefnifall) | gefinn | gefin | gefið | gefnir | gefnar | gefin | |
| accusative (þolfall) | gefinn | gefna | gefið | gefna | gefnar | gefin | |
| dative (þágufall) | gefnum | gefinni | gefnu | gefnum | gefnum | gefnum | |
| genitive (eignarfall) | gefins | gefinnar | gefins | gefinna | gefinna | gefinna | |
| weak declension (veik beyging) | singular (eintala) | plural (fleirtala) | |||||
| masculine (karlkyn) | feminine (kvenkyn) | neuter (hvorugkyn) | masculine (karlkyn) | feminine (kvenkyn) | neuter (hvorugkyn) | ||
| nominative (nefnifall) | gefni | gefna | gefna | gefnu | gefnu | gefnu | |
| accusative (þolfall) | gefna | gefnu | gefna | gefnu | gefnu | gefnu | |
| dative (þágufall) | gefna | gefnu | gefna | gefnu | gefnu | gefnu | |
| genitive (eignarfall) | gefna | gefnu | gefna | gefnu | gefnu | gefnu | |
Derived terms
Derived terms
- gefa af sér
- gefa eftir
- gefa ekkert eftir
- gefa hjón saman
- gefa í
- gefa inn
- gefandi
- gefa sig
- gefa sig fram
- gefa skepnum
- gefa spil
- gefast
- gefast upp (give up, surrender)
- gefa til baka
- gefa til kynna/gefa í skyn
- gefa undir fótinn
- gefa upp
- gefa upp á bátinn
- gefa út
- gefa við
- gemmér
- morgunstund gefur gull í mund
Old Norse
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *gebaną (“to give”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰab(ʰ)-. Cognate with Old English ġiefan (English give), Old Frisian jeva, Old Saxon gevan, Old Dutch gevan, Old High German geban, Gothic 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (giban).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɟevɑ/
Verb
gefa (singular past indicative gaf, plural past indicative gáfu, past participle gefinn)
- (transitive) to give something
- (ditransitive) to give someone something
Conjugation
Conjugation of gefa — active (strong class 5)
| infinitive | gefa | |
|---|---|---|
| present participle | gefandi | |
| past participle | gefinn | |
| indicative | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | gef | gaf |
| 2nd-person singular | gefr | gaft |
| 3rd-person singular | gefr | gaf |
| 1st-person plural | gefum | gáfum |
| 2nd-person plural | gefið | gáfuð |
| 3rd-person plural | gefa | gáfu |
| subjunctive | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | gefa | gæfa |
| 2nd-person singular | gefir | gæfir |
| 3rd-person singular | gefi | gæfi |
| 1st-person plural | gefim | gæfim |
| 2nd-person plural | gefið | gæfið |
| 3rd-person plural | gefi | gæfi |
| imperative | present | |
| 2nd-person singular | gef | |
| 1st-person plural | gefum | |
| 2nd-person plural | gefið | |
Conjugation of gefa — mediopassive (strong class 5)
| infinitive | gefask | |
|---|---|---|
| present participle | gefandisk | |
| past participle | gefizk | |
| indicative | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | gefumk | gáfumk |
| 2nd-person singular | gefsk | gafzk |
| 3rd-person singular | gefsk | gafsk |
| 1st-person plural | gefumsk | gáfumsk |
| 2nd-person plural | gefizk | gáfuzk |
| 3rd-person plural | gefask | gáfusk |
| subjunctive | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | gefumk | gæfumk |
| 2nd-person singular | gefisk | gæfisk |
| 3rd-person singular | gefisk | gæfisk |
| 1st-person plural | gefimsk | gæfimsk |
| 2nd-person plural | gefizk | gæfizk |
| 3rd-person plural | gefisk | gæfisk |
| imperative | present | |
| 2nd-person singular | gefsk | |
| 1st-person plural | gefumsk | |
| 2nd-person plural | gefizk | |
Alternative forms
- ᚴᛅᚠ (kaf) – first/third singular past indicative, Runic form
- ᚴᛅᚠᚢ (kafu) – third plural past indicative, Runic form
Descendants
- Icelandic: gefa
- Faroese: geva
- Norwegian:
- Norwegian Bokmål: gi
- Norwegian Nynorsk: gje
- Elfdalian: djävå
- Westrobothnian: geva, gev, ge, gi
- Old Swedish: giva, gæva, giffua, giffwa
- Swedish: giva, gifva, ge, ji
- → Westrobothnian: gjiiv
- Swedish: giva, gifva, ge, ji
- Danish: give
- Scanian: gi
- Hallandian: ge
- Gutnish: giva, gi
- → Middle English: given (influenced by native Old English ġiefan)
- Scots: gie, geve, gewe, gif, gyf, gefe
- English: give
References
- “gefa”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press