gawula
Xhosa
Verb
-gáwúla
- to fell, to chop down
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Zulu
Verb
-gawula?
- (transitive) to fell, to chop down
Inflection
Tone unknown | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | ukugawula | ||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
Infinitive | ukugawula | ukungagawuli | |||||||
Imperative | |||||||||
Simple | + object concord | ||||||||
Singular | gawula | -gawule | |||||||
Plural | gawulani | -gawuleni | |||||||
Present | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyagawula, ngigawula | engigawulayo, engigawula | ngigawula | angigawuli | engingagawuli | ngingagawuli | |||
2nd singular | uyagawula, ugawula | ogawulayo, ogawula | ugawula | awugawuli | ongagawuli | ungagawuli | |||
1st plural | siyagawula, sigawula | esigawulayo, esigawula | sigawula | asigawuli | esingagawuli | singagawuli | |||
2nd plural | niyagawula, nigawula | enigawulayo, enigawula | nigawula | anigawuli | eningagawuli | ningagawuli | |||
Class 1 | uyagawula, ugawula | ogawulayo, ogawula | egawula | akagawuli | ongagawuli | engagawuli | |||
Class 2 | bayagawula, bagawula | abagawulayo, abagawula | begawula | abagawuli | abangagawuli | bengagawuli | |||
Class 3 | uyagawula, ugawula | ogawulayo, ogawula | ugawula | awugawuli | ongagawuli | ungagawuli | |||
Class 4 | iyagawula, igawula | egawulayo, egawula | igawula | ayigawuli | engagawuli | ingagawuli | |||
Class 5 | liyagawula, ligawula | eligawulayo, eligawula | ligawula | aligawuli | elingagawuli | lingagawuli | |||
Class 6 | ayagawula, agawula | agawulayo, agawula | egawula | awagawuli | angagawuli | engagawuli | |||
Class 7 | siyagawula, sigawula | esigawulayo, esigawula | sigawula | asigawuli | esingagawuli | singagawuli | |||
Class 8 | ziyagawula, zigawula | ezigawulayo, ezigawula | zigawula | azigawuli | ezingagawuli | zingagawuli | |||
Class 9 | iyagawula, igawula | egawulayo, egawula | igawula | ayigawuli | engagawuli | ingagawuli | |||
Class 10 | ziyagawula, zigawula | ezigawulayo, ezigawula | zigawula | azigawuli | ezingagawuli | zingagawuli | |||
Class 11 | luyagawula, lugawula | olugawulayo, olugawula | lugawula | alugawuli | olungagawuli | lungagawuli | |||
Class 14 | buyagawula, bugawula | obugawulayo, obugawula | bugawula | abugawuli | obungagawuli | bungagawuli | |||
Class 15 | kuyagawula, kugawula | okugawulayo, okugawula | kugawula | akugawuli | okungagawuli | kungagawuli | |||
Class 17 | kuyagawula, kugawula | okugawulayo, okugawula | kugawula | akugawuli | okungagawuli | kungagawuli | |||
Recent past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngigawulile, ngigawulē | engigawulile, engigawulē | ngigawulile, ngigawulē | angigawulanga | engingagawulanga | ngingagawulanga | |||
2nd singular | ugawulile, ugawulē | ogawulile, ogawulē | ugawulile, ugawulē | awugawulanga | ongagawulanga | ungagawulanga | |||
1st plural | sigawulile, sigawulē | esigawulile, esigawulē | sigawulile, sigawulē | asigawulanga | esingagawulanga | singagawulanga | |||
2nd plural | nigawulile, nigawulē | enigawulile, enigawulē | nigawulile, nigawulē | anigawulanga | eningagawulanga | ningagawulanga | |||
Class 1 | ugawulile, ugawulē | ogawulile, ogawulē | egawulile, egawulē | akagawulanga | ongagawulanga | engagawulanga | |||
Class 2 | bagawulile, bagawulē | abagawulile, abagawulē | begawulile, begawulē | abagawulanga | abangagawulanga | bengagawulanga | |||
Class 3 | ugawulile, ugawulē | ogawulile, ogawulē | ugawulile, ugawulē | awugawulanga | ongagawulanga | ungagawulanga | |||
Class 4 | igawulile, igawulē | egawulile, egawulē | igawulile, igawulē | ayigawulanga | engagawulanga | ingagawulanga | |||
Class 5 | ligawulile, ligawulē | eligawulile, eligawulē | ligawulile, ligawulē | aligawulanga | elingagawulanga | lingagawulanga | |||
Class 6 | agawulile, agawulē | agawulile, agawulē | egawulile, egawulē | awagawulanga | angagawulanga | engagawulanga | |||
Class 7 | sigawulile, sigawulē | esigawulile, esigawulē | sigawulile, sigawulē | asigawulanga | esingagawulanga | singagawulanga | |||
Class 8 | zigawulile, zigawulē | ezigawulile, ezigawulē | zigawulile, zigawulē | azigawulanga | ezingagawulanga | zingagawulanga | |||
Class 9 | igawulile, igawulē | egawulile, egawulē | igawulile, igawulē | ayigawulanga | engagawulanga | ingagawulanga | |||
Class 10 | zigawulile, zigawulē | ezigawulile, ezigawulē | zigawulile, zigawulē | azigawulanga | ezingagawulanga | zingagawulanga | |||
Class 11 | lugawulile, lugawulē | olugawulile, olugawulē | lugawulile, lugawulē | alugawulanga | olungagawulanga | lungagawulanga | |||
Class 14 | bugawulile, bugawulē | obugawulile, obugawulē | bugawulile, bugawulē | abugawulanga | obungagawulanga | bungagawulanga | |||
Class 15 | kugawulile, kugawulē | okugawulile, okugawulē | kugawulile, kugawulē | akugawulanga | okungagawulanga | kungagawulanga | |||
Class 17 | kugawulile, kugawulē | okugawulile, okugawulē | kugawulile, kugawulē | akugawulanga | okungagawulanga | kungagawulanga | |||
Remote past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngāgawula | engāgawula | ngāgawula | angigawulanga | engingagawulanga | ngingagawulanga | |||
2nd singular | wāgawula | owāgawula | wāgawula | awugawulanga | ongagawulanga | ungagawulanga | |||
1st plural | sāgawula | esāgawula | sāgawula | asigawulanga | esingagawulanga | singagawulanga | |||
2nd plural | nāgawula | enāgawula | nāgawula | anigawulanga | eningagawulanga | ningagawulanga | |||
Class 1 | wāgawula | owāgawula | āgawula | akagawulanga | ongagawulanga | engagawulanga | |||
Class 2 | bāgawula | abāgawula | bāgawula | abagawulanga | abangagawulanga | bengagawulanga | |||
Class 3 | wāgawula | owāgawula | wāgawula | awugawulanga | ongagawulanga | ungagawulanga | |||
Class 4 | yāgawula | eyāgawula | yāgawula | ayigawulanga | engagawulanga | ingagawulanga | |||
Class 5 | lāgawula | elāgawula | lāgawula | aligawulanga | elingagawulanga | lingagawulanga | |||
Class 6 | āgawula | āgawula | āgawula | awagawulanga | angagawulanga | engagawulanga | |||
Class 7 | sāgawula | esāgawula | sāgawula | asigawulanga | esingagawulanga | singagawulanga | |||
Class 8 | zāgawula | ezāgawula | zāgawula | azigawulanga | ezingagawulanga | zingagawulanga | |||
Class 9 | yāgawula | eyāgawula | yāgawula | ayigawulanga | engagawulanga | ingagawulanga | |||
Class 10 | zāgawula | ezāgawula | zāgawula | azigawulanga | ezingagawulanga | zingagawulanga | |||
Class 11 | lwāgawula | olwāgawula | lwāgawula | alugawulanga | olungagawulanga | lungagawulanga | |||
Class 14 | bāgawula | obāgawula | bāgawula | abugawulanga | obungagawulanga | bungagawulanga | |||
Class 15 | kwāgawula | okwāgawula | kwāgawula | akugawulanga | okungagawulanga | kungagawulanga | |||
Class 17 | kwāgawula | okwāgawula | kwāgawula | akugawulanga | okungagawulanga | kungagawulanga | |||
Potential | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngingagawula | — | ngingagawula | ngingegawule | — | ngingegawule | |||
2nd singular | ungagawula | — | ungagawula | ungegawule | — | ungegawule | |||
1st plural | singagawula | — | singagawula | singegawule | — | singegawule | |||
2nd plural | ningagawula | — | ningagawula | ningegawule | — | ningegawule | |||
Class 1 | angagawula | — | engagawula | angegawule | — | engegawule | |||
Class 2 | bangagawula | — | bengagawula | bangegawule | — | bengegawule | |||
Class 3 | ungagawula | — | ungagawula | ungegawule | — | ungegawule | |||
Class 4 | ingagawula | — | ingagawula | ingegawule | — | ingegawule | |||
Class 5 | lingagawula | — | lingagawula | lingegawule | — | lingegawule | |||
Class 6 | angagawula | — | engagawula | angegawule | — | engegawule | |||
Class 7 | singagawula | — | singagawula | singegawule | — | singegawule | |||
Class 8 | zingagawula | — | zingagawula | zingegawule | — | zingegawule | |||
Class 9 | ingagawula | — | ingagawula | ingegawule | — | ingegawule | |||
Class 10 | zingagawula | — | zingagawula | zingegawule | — | zingegawule | |||
Class 11 | lungagawula | — | lungagawula | lungegawule | — | lungegawule | |||
Class 14 | bungagawula | — | bungagawula | bungegawule | — | bungegawule | |||
Class 15 | kungagawula | — | kungagawula | kungegawule | — | kungegawule | |||
Class 17 | kungagawula | — | kungagawula | kungegawule | — | kungegawule | |||
Immediate future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngizogawula | engizogawula | ngizogawula | angizugawula | engingezugawula | ngingezugawula | |||
2nd singular | uzogawula | ozogawula | uzogawula | awuzugawula | ongezugawula | ungezugawula | |||
1st plural | sizogawula | esizogawula | sizogawula | asizugawula | esingezugawula | singezugawula | |||
2nd plural | nizogawula | enizogawula | nizogawula | anizugawula | eningezugawula | ningezugawula | |||
Class 1 | uzogawula | ozogawula | ezogawula | akazugawula | ongezugawula | engezugawula | |||
Class 2 | bazogawula | abazogawula | bezogawula | abazugawula | abangezugawula | bengezugawula | |||
Class 3 | uzogawula | ozogawula | uzogawula | awuzugawula | ongezugawula | ungezugawula | |||
Class 4 | izogawula | ezogawula | izogawula | ayizugawula | engezugawula | ingezugawula | |||
Class 5 | lizogawula | elizogawula | lizogawula | alizugawula | elingezugawula | lingezugawula | |||
Class 6 | azogawula | azogawula | ezogawula | awazugawula | angezugawula | engezugawula | |||
Class 7 | sizogawula | esizogawula | sizogawula | asizugawula | esingezugawula | singezugawula | |||
Class 8 | zizogawula | ezizogawula | zizogawula | azizugawula | ezingezugawula | zingezugawula | |||
Class 9 | izogawula | ezogawula | izogawula | ayizugawula | engezugawula | ingezugawula | |||
Class 10 | zizogawula | ezizogawula | zizogawula | azizugawula | ezingezugawula | zingezugawula | |||
Class 11 | luzogawula | oluzogawula | luzogawula | aluzugawula | olungezugawula | lungezugawula | |||
Class 14 | buzogawula | obuzogawula | buzogawula | abuzugawula | obungezugawula | bungezugawula | |||
Class 15 | kuzogawula | okuzogawula | kuzogawula | akuzugawula | okungezugawula | kungezugawula | |||
Class 17 | kuzogawula | okuzogawula | kuzogawula | akuzugawula | okungezugawula | kungezugawula | |||
Remote future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyogawula | engiyogawula | ngiyogawula | angiyugawula | engingeyugawula | ngingeyugawula | |||
2nd singular | uyogawula | oyogawula | uyogawula | awuyugawula | ongeyugawula | ungeyugawula | |||
1st plural | siyogawula | esiyogawula | siyogawula | asiyugawula | esingeyugawula | singeyugawula | |||
2nd plural | niyogawula | eniyogawula | niyogawula | aniyugawula | eningeyugawula | ningeyugawula | |||
Class 1 | uyogawula | oyogawula | eyogawula | akayugawula | ongeyugawula | engeyugawula | |||
Class 2 | bayogawula | abayogawula | beyogawula | abayugawula | abangeyugawula | bengeyugawula | |||
Class 3 | uyogawula | oyogawula | uyogawula | awuyugawula | ongeyugawula | ungeyugawula | |||
Class 4 | iyogawula | eyogawula | iyogawula | ayiyugawula | engeyugawula | ingeyugawula | |||
Class 5 | liyogawula | eliyogawula | liyogawula | aliyugawula | elingeyugawula | lingeyugawula | |||
Class 6 | ayogawula | ayogawula | eyogawula | awayugawula | angeyugawula | engeyugawula | |||
Class 7 | siyogawula | esiyogawula | siyogawula | asiyugawula | esingeyugawula | singeyugawula | |||
Class 8 | ziyogawula | eziyogawula | ziyogawula | aziyugawula | ezingeyugawula | zingeyugawula | |||
Class 9 | iyogawula | eyogawula | iyogawula | ayiyugawula | engeyugawula | ingeyugawula | |||
Class 10 | ziyogawula | eziyogawula | ziyogawula | aziyugawula | ezingeyugawula | zingeyugawula | |||
Class 11 | luyogawula | oluyogawula | luyogawula | aluyugawula | olungeyugawula | lungeyugawula | |||
Class 14 | buyogawula | obuyogawula | buyogawula | abuyugawula | obungeyugawula | bungeyugawula | |||
Class 15 | kuyogawula | okuyogawula | kuyogawula | akuyugawula | okungeyugawula | kungeyugawula | |||
Class 17 | kuyogawula | okuyogawula | kuyogawula | akuyugawula | okungeyugawula | kungeyugawula | |||
Present subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngigawule | ngingagawuli | |||||||
2nd singular | ugawule | ungagawuli | |||||||
1st plural | sigawule | singagawuli | |||||||
2nd plural | nigawule | ningagawuli | |||||||
Class 1 | agawule | angagawuli | |||||||
Class 2 | bagawule | bangagawuli | |||||||
Class 3 | ugawule | ungagawuli | |||||||
Class 4 | igawule | ingagawuli | |||||||
Class 5 | ligawule | lingagawuli | |||||||
Class 6 | agawule | angagawuli | |||||||
Class 7 | sigawule | singagawuli | |||||||
Class 8 | zigawule | zingagawuli | |||||||
Class 9 | igawule | ingagawuli | |||||||
Class 10 | zigawule | zingagawuli | |||||||
Class 11 | lugawule | lungagawuli | |||||||
Class 14 | bugawule | bungagawuli | |||||||
Class 15 | kugawule | kungagawuli | |||||||
Class 17 | kugawule | kungagawuli | |||||||
Past subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngagawula | ngangagawula, angagawula, angangagawula | |||||||
2nd singular | wagawula | wangagawula, awagawula, awangagawula | |||||||
1st plural | sagawula | sangagawula, asagawula, asangagawula | |||||||
2nd plural | nagawula | nangagawula, anagawula, anangagawula | |||||||
Class 1 | wagawula | wangagawula, akagawula, akangagawula | |||||||
Class 2 | bagawula | bangagawula, abagawula, abangagawula | |||||||
Class 3 | wagawula | wangagawula, awagawula, awangagawula | |||||||
Class 4 | yagawula | yangagawula, ayagawula, ayangagawula | |||||||
Class 5 | lagawula | langagawula, alagawula, alangagawula | |||||||
Class 6 | agawula | angagawula, awagawula, awangagawula | |||||||
Class 7 | sagawula | sangagawula, asagawula, asangagawula | |||||||
Class 8 | zagawula | zangagawula, azagawula, azangagawula | |||||||
Class 9 | yagawula | yangagawula, ayagawula, ayangagawula | |||||||
Class 10 | zagawula | zangagawula, azagawula, azangagawula | |||||||
Class 11 | lwagawula | lwangagawula, alwagawula, alwangagawula | |||||||
Class 14 | bagawula | bangagawula, abagawula, abangagawula | |||||||
Class 15 | kwagawula | kwangagawula, akwagawula, akwangagawula | |||||||
Class 17 | kwagawula | kwangagawula, akwagawula, akwangagawula |
References
- C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “gawula”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “gawula (3.2.9)”