firmus
Latin
Etymology
From Proto-Italic *fermos, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer-mo-s (“holding”) (whence also Sanskrit धर्म (dharma)), from the root *dʰer- (“to hold”) (whence also ferē and fermē).
Cognate with Sanskrit धरति (dhárati), Old Persian 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎫𐎡𐎹 (d-a-r-y-t-i-y /dārayatiy/), Persian داشتن (“have, hold”), Lithuanian derė́ti, Russian держа́ть (deržátʹ).[1]
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈfir.mus/, [ˈfɪrmʊs̠]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈfir.mus/, [ˈfirmus]
Adjective
firmus (feminine firma, neuter firmum, comparative firmior, superlative firmissimus, adverb firmiter); first/second-declension adjective
- strong, powerful
- Synonyms: praevalēns, validus, fortis, potis, potēns, strēnuus, ingēns, compos
- Antonyms: dēbilis, languidus, aeger, fractus, tenuis, obnoxius, inops
- stable, firm
- Synonyms: dūrus, rōbustus
- Antonym: īnfirmus
- faithful, steadfast, true
Declension
First/second-declension adjective.
| Number | Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case / Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Nominative | firmus | firma | firmum | firmī | firmae | firma | |
| Genitive | firmī | firmae | firmī | firmōrum | firmārum | firmōrum | |
| Dative | firmō | firmō | firmīs | ||||
| Accusative | firmum | firmam | firmum | firmōs | firmās | firma | |
| Ablative | firmō | firmā | firmō | firmīs | |||
| Vocative | firme | firma | firmum | firmī | firmae | firma | |
Derived terms
- firmāmen
- firmāmentum
- firmātor
- firmē
- firmitās
- firmiter
- firmitūdō
- Firmius
- firmō
Descendants
- Catalan: ferm
- Corsican: fermu
- Dalmatian: farm
- → English: firm
- → Esperanto: firmo
- French: ferme
- Friulian: fêr
- → German: firm
- Italian: fermo
- Occitan: ferm
- Portuguese: firme
- Romanian: ferm
- Sardinian: fírmu
- Sicilian: fermu
- Spanish: firme
References
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “firmus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 223
Further reading
- “firmus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “firmus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- firmus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
- Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book, London: Macmillan and Co.
- a strong, striking proof: argumentum firmum, magnum
- a strong, striking proof: argumentum firmum, magnum
- “firmus”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898) Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
- firmus in Ramminger, Johann (accessed 16 July 2016) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700, pre-publication website, 2005-2016