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单词 fel
释义

fel

See also: fél, fêl, and fel-

Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch fel, from Middle Dutch fel, from Old French fel.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /fɛl/

Adjective

fel (attributive fel, comparative feller, superlative felste)

  1. ferocious, fierce
  2. bright (e.g. sunlight)

Adverb

fel

  1. fiercely, ferociously

Catalan

Etymology

From Latin fel (“bile”) (compare Occitan fèl, French fiel, Spanish hiel), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green”).

Pronunciation

  • (Balearic, Central, Valencian) IPA(key): /ˈfɛl/

Noun

fel m or f (plural fels)

  1. gall, bile
    Synonym: bilis
  2. (figurative) misery
  3. (figurative) rancor
    Synonym: rancúnia

Further reading

  • “fel” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
  • “fel” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Cornish

Noun

fel

  1. Mixed mutation of mel.

Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch fel, from Old French fel.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /fɛl/
  • Audio(file)
  • Hyphenation: fel
  • Rhymes: -ɛl

Adjective

fel (comparative feller, superlative felst)

  1. bright, shiny (e.g. sunlight)
  2. fierce, feisty, even bitter
  3. flashy, showy

Inflection

Inflection of fel
uninflectedfel
inflectedfelle
comparativefeller
positivecomparativesuperlative
predicative/adverbialfelfellerhet felst
het felste
indefinitem./f. sing.fellefellerefelste
n. sing.felfellerfelste
pluralfellefellerefelste
definitefellefellerefelste
partitivefelsfellers—

Derived terms

  • felbevochten
  • felblauw
  • felgeel
  • felgekleurd
  • felgroen
  • felheid
  • felrood

Descendants

  • Afrikaans: fel
  • → Papiamentu: fel (dated)

Adverb

fel

  1. fiercely
    De Frisii waren een Germaans volk en net als verscheidene andere Germaanse volkeren wisten ze zich fel te verdedigen tegen de Romeinen — The Frisii were a Germanic people and, just like various other Germanic peoples, they knew how to defend themselves fiercely against the Romans.

Descendants

  • Afrikaans: fel

Anagrams

  • elf, lef

Elfdalian

Etymology

Cognate with Swedish fuller.

Adverb

fel

  1. probably, likely

Galician

Etymology

From Old Galician and Old Portuguese fel (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), from Latin fel, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ˈfɛl]

Noun

fel m (plural feles)

  1. gall; bile
    Synonym: bile
  2. (figuratively) meanness
    Synonym: amargura

Derived terms

  • fel da terra
  • herba do fel

References

  • “fel” in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval, SLI - ILGA 2006–2022.
  • “fel” in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega, SLI - ILGA 2006–2013.
  • “fel” in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega. Santiago: ILG.
  • “fel” in Álvarez, Rosario (coord.): Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués, Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega.

Hungarian

Alternative forms

  • föl

Etymology

From Proto-Ugric *pĭdĭ-, from Proto-Uralic *pide.[1][2]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ˈfɛl]
  • Audio(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɛl

Adverb

fel (comparative feljebb, superlative legfeljebb)

  1. up, upward, upwards (to a physically higher or more elevated position)
    Synonym: felfelé
    Antonyms: le, lefelé
    Coordinate terms: fent, fenn, (at a physically higher position) felül

Usage notes

This term may also be part of the split form of a verb prefixed with fel-, occurring when the main verb does not follow the prefix directly. It can be interpreted only with the related verb form, irrespective of its position in the sentence, e.g. meg tudták volna nézni (“they could have seen it”, from megnéz). For verbs with this prefix, see fel-; for an overview, Appendix:Hungarian verbal prefixes.

Derived terms

Expressions
  • fel a fejjel
  • fel s alá
See the compound word derivations below, at the noun sense.

Noun

fel (uncountable)

  1. (archaic) Alternative form of föl (“upper part, surface”)
    Synonyms: (upper part) felső rész, (surface) felület
  2. (rare, dialectal) Alternative form of föl (“skim (of the milk)”) or föl (“cream; the best part”)

Declension

Inflection of fel
singularplural
nominativefel—
accusativefelt
felet		—
dativefelnek—
instrumentalfellel—
causal-finalfelért—
translativefellé—
terminativefelig—
essive-formalfelként—
essive-modal——
inessivefelben—
superessivefelen—
adessivefelnél—
illativefelbe—
sublativefelre—
allativefelhez—
elativefelből—
delativefelről—
ablativefeltől—
non-attributive
possessive - singular		felé—
non-attributive
possessive - plural		feléi—
Possessive forms of fel
possessorsingle possessionmultiple possessions
1st person sing.felem—
2nd person sing.feled—
3rd person sing.fele—
1st person pluralfelünk—
2nd person pluralfeletek—
3rd person pluralfelük—

Derived terms

Compound words
  • felettes
  • felhang
  • feljebb
  • felperes
  • felség
  • felső
  • felszín
  • felület
  • felvonás
  • fenn
  • tejfel

Adjective

fel

  1. (obsolete, only in compounds) upper, higher
    Synonyms: felső, feljebbi, fentebbi, fentebb/feljebb/magasabban lévő

Derived terms

Compound words
  • felföld
  • felház
  • felvég
  • felvidék

References

  1. Entry #759 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungary.
  2. fel in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN.  (See also its 2nd edition.)

Further reading

  • (up): fel in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
  • (skim, best part; rare, dialectal): fel , redirecting to standard (1): föl in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
  • (upper part): fel in Czuczor, Gergely and János Fogarasi: A magyar nyelv szótára (’A Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Pest: Emich Gusztáv Magyar Akadémiai Nyomdász, 1862–1874.

Latin

Etymology

Uncertain. Either from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green”), or from *bʰel-, *bʰl̥H- (“yellow”). *ǵʰ- > f- instead of the expected *h- is explained as being regular in some dialects.[1] Cognates through the first etymon include holus and helvus; Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ, “bile”) and χλωρός (khlōrós, “green”); and English yellow and gold.

Pronunciation

  • (Classical) IPA(key): /fel/, [fɛɫ̪]
  • (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /fel/, [fɛl]

Noun

fel n (genitive fellis); third declension

  1. gall bladder
  2. gall, bile
  3. poison
  4. bitterness, venom

Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, i-stem).

CaseSingularPlural
Nominativefelfella
Genitivefellisfellium
fellum
Dativefellīfellibus
Accusativefelfella
Ablativefellefellibus
Vocativefelfella

Descendants

  • Aromanian: heari
  • Asturian: fiel
  • Catalan: fel
  • Dalmatian: fial
  • French: fiel
  • Friulian: fêl
  • Galician: fel
  • Italian: fiele
  • Occitan: fèl
  • Portuguese: fel
  • Romanian: fiere
  • Sardinian: febi, fele
  • Sicilian: feli
  • Spanish: hiel
  • Venetian: fiel

References

  1. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “fel”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 209
  • “fel”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • fel in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette

Middle Dutch

Etymology

Borrowed from Old French fel.

Adjective

fel

  1. cruel, harsh
  2. evil
  3. terrible
  4. dangerous

Inflection

This adjective needs an inflection-table template.

Descendants

  • Dutch: fel

Further reading

  • “fel (II)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
  • Verwijs, E.; Verdam, J. (1885–1929), “fel (I)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page I

Middle English

Determiner

fel

  1. Alternative form of fele (“many”)

Adverb

fel

  1. Alternative form of fele (“many”)

Old French

Etymology

From Frankish *fel, from Proto-Germanic *faluz; cognate with felon.

Adjective

fel m (oblique and nominative feminine singular fele)

  1. evil
  2. vile; despicable
    • circa 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:
      "Fui!" fet Erec, "nains enuiieus!
      Trop es fel et contraliieus.["]
      "Flee" said Erec "pesky dwarf!
      You are too vile and maddening"

References

  • Godefroy, Frédéric, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XVe siècle (1881) (1. fel)

Old Irish

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /fʲel/

Verb

fel

  1. Alternative form of fil

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
RadicalLenitionNasalization
felḟelfel
pronounced with /v(ʲ)-/
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every
possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Portuguese

Etymology

From Old Portuguese fel, from Latin fel, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green”).

Pronunciation

  • (Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈfɛw/ [ˈfɛʊ̯]
  • (Portugal) IPA(key): /ˈfɛl/ [ˈfɛɫ]

  • Rhymes: (Portugal) -ɛl, (Brazil) -ɛw
  • Hyphenation: fel

Noun

fel f (plural féis or feles)

  1. sourness, acerbity, bitterness
    Synonym: azedume
  2. (figuratively) sorrow
    Synonym: amargura
  3. (medicine) gall; bile
    Synonyms: bile, bílis

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from Hungarian -féle.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [fel]

Noun

fel n (plural feluri)

  1. sort, type, kind
    fel de fel de oameni — all kinds of people
    la fel ca tine — the same as you
  2. manner, style, way
    În ce fel? — In what way?
    În felul acesta. — In this way.
    Într-un fel e un lucru bun că a plecat. — In a way it's a good thing that he left.
    Nu e în felul lui să fie neprietenos. — It's not in his nature to be unkind.

Declension

Declension of fel
singularplural
indefinite articulationdefinite articulationindefinite articulationdefinite articulation
nominative/accusative(un) felfelul(niște) felurifelurile
genitive/dative(unui) felfelului(unor) felurifelurilor
vocativefelulefelurilor

Synonyms

  • gen

Derived terms

  • astfel
  • la fel

Swedish

Etymology

See Norwegian feil and Danish fejl. Used in Swedish at least since 1527. For the adverb, the now obsolete form felt was the dominant written form until the mid 19th century.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /feːl/
  • audio(file)

Adjective

fel (comparative mer fel, superlative mest fel)

  1. wrong, incorrect, erroneous
    Fel svar ger inga poäng.
    A wrong answer gives no points.

Declension

No inflected forms.

Antonyms

  • rätt, korrekt

Adverb

fel (comparative mer fel, superlative mest fel)

  1. wrong, wrongly, incorrectly, erroneously
    Hon svarade fel på hälften av frågorna.
    She answered wrong on half of the questions.
    Planen slog fel.
    The plan failed.
    Det gick fel
    It went wrong

See also

  • galet
  • på tok
  • snett

Noun

fel n

  1. mistake
    Jag erkänner, jag gjorde fel.
    I admit, I made a mistake.
    Han har fel.
    He is wrong.
  2. error, fault, deviation (from the correct or normal)

Declension

Declension of fel 
SingularPlural
IndefiniteDefiniteIndefiniteDefinite
Nominativefelfeletfelfelen
Genitivefelsfeletsfelsfelens

Derived terms

This list includes words based on the adverb (felcitera (“to cite erroneously”)) as well as the noun (felsöka (“to search for errors”)).

  • dubbelfel
  • fela
  • felaktig
  • felanalys
  • felanmälan
  • felanvänd
  • felas
  • felbar
  • felbedöma
  • felbehandla
  • felberäkning
  • felcitera
  • feldatera
  • feldosera
  • feldrag
  • felfinnare
  • felfinneri
  • felformulerad
  • felfrekvens
  • felfri
  • felföra
  • felgrepp
  • felgräns
  • felhandling
  • felinformerad
  • felinvestering
  • felkalkyl
  • felkonstruerad
  • felkälla
  • felläsning
  • felmanöver
  • felmarginal
  • felmeddelande
  • felmärkt
  • felnavigering
  • felparkerad
  • felparkering
  • felpass
  • felpassning
  • felplacerad
  • felplanerad
  • felprocent
  • felprogrammerad
  • felrikta
  • felringning
  • felräknad
  • felräkning
  • felsatsning
  • felskrivning
  • felslag
  • felslagen
  • felslut
  • felspekulation
  • felstava
  • felsteg
  • felställd
  • felstämplad
  • felsyn
  • felsägning
  • felsöka
  • feltecknad
  • feltolka
  • feltryck
  • felträff
  • feltänkt
  • felunderrättad
  • felval
  • felvisande
  • felvänd
  • felväxt
  • felöversättning
  • tryckfel
  • översättningsfel

References

  • fel in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
  • fel in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
  • fel in Reverso Context (Swedish-English)

Volapük

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /fel/

Noun

fel (nominative plural fels)

  1. field (general)

Declension

declension of fel
singularplural
nominativefelfels
genitivefelafelas
dativefelefeles
accusativefelifelis
vocative 1o fel!o fels!
predicative 2felufelus
  • 1 status as a case is disputed
  • 2 in later, non-classical Volapük only

Derived terms

  • cögafeled
  • felacepaglun
  • felacepöp
  • felaflor
  • felalaud, Alauda arvensis
  • felaludom
  • felaluzul, Luzula campestris
  • felamug
  • felapijun
  • felapopaflor
  • felapop (Papaver rhoeas)
  • felatüumaleül
  • felatüum, Thymus serpyllum
  • felazaär, Acer campestre
  • feled
  • feledam
  • feledamanufed
  • felem
  • felik
  • felio
  • firnafel
  • gladafel
  • ini fel
  • ribädafeled
  • zefel
  • befeil
  • befeilön
  • besovön feilalänedi
  • deteilacem vestibüla feilanadoma Dona-Saxänik
  • farmadom feilanik
  • feil
  • feilafluk
  • feilalän
  • feilaläned
  • feilalänedamied
  • feilam
  • feilan
  • feilanasval
  • feilanef
  • feilanik
  • feilans (cf. de: Landsleute)
  • feilaplan
  • feilaprod
  • feilarolöm
  • feilastum
  • feilastumem
  • feilav
  • feilavan
  • feilavik
  • feilavob
  • feilavoban
  • feilavobanadom
  • feilavobod
  • feilid
  • feilidacin
  • feilidön
  • feilik
  • feilim
  • feiliman
  • feilimik
  • feilän
  • feilänem
  • feiläns
  • feilöf
  • feilöfik
  • feilön
  • flukafeil
  • gerafeilaläned
  • grenafeilaglun
  • hifeilan
  • hifeilavan
  • hipul feilanik
  • humulafeilan
  • jifeilan
  • jifeilavan
  • jipul feilanik
  • lefeilan
  • lelivafeilan
  • lufeilan
  • lufeilanadom
  • säbefeil
  • säbefeilaläned
  • säbefeilik
  • säbefeilön
  • vitidafeil

See also

  • betadaläned
  • buidän
  • grenaläned
  • hodaläned
  • humulaläned
  • läned
  • rapaläned
  • risataläned
  • trifülaläned
  • vatamaläned

Welsh

Etymology

Cognate with Breton evel, Cornish avel, Irish samhail, Latin similis. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together, one”).[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /vɛl/[2]
  • Rhymes: -ɛl

Preposition

fel

  1. as, like
  • hafal

Adverb

fel

  1. (colloquial) (South Wales) how
    Fel ŷch chi'n ca'l ych nabod? ― How are you known?

References

  1. R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “fel”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
  2. Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 51 vi

Westrobothnian

Etymology

From Old Norse *fél, from Proto-Germanic *finhlō (“file”).

Noun

fel f (definite singular fela)

  1. rasp, file

Verb

fêl

  1. to rasp, to file
    ja skull a hatt feld opp såga
    I should have filed the saw.
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