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单词 fast
释义

fast

See also: Fast, FAST, fást, fȧst, and fäst

English

Pronunciation

  • (Received Pronunciation, General Australian, New Zealand, General South African) enPR: fäst, IPA(key): /fɑːst/
  • Audio (UK)(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɑːst
  • (General American, Northern England) enPR: făst, IPA(key): /fæst/
  • Rhymes: -æst
  • Audio (US)(file)

Etymology 1

From Middle English fast, fest, from Old English fæst (“firm, secure”), from Proto-West Germanic *fast, from Proto-Germanic *fastuz; see it for cognates and further etymology.

The development of “rapid” from an original sense of “secure” apparently happened first in the adverb and then transferred to the adjective; compare hard in expressions like “to run hard”. The original sense of “secure, firm” is now slightly archaic, but retained in the related fasten (“make secure”).

Adjective

fast (comparative faster, superlative fastest)

  1. (dated) Firmly or securely fixed in place; stable. [from 9th c.]
    That rope is dangerously loose. Make it fast!
    Synonyms: firm, immobile, secure, stable, stuck, tight
    Antonym: loose
    Hyponyms: bedfast, chairfast, colorfast, fail-fast, lightfast, shamefast, soothfast, steadfast
  2. Firm against attack; fortified by nature or art; impregnable; strong.
    • 1596 (date written; published 1633)​, Edmund Spenser, A Vewe of the Present State of Irelande […], Dublin: […] Societie of Stationers, […], OCLC 606546850; republished as A View of the State of Ireland […] (Ancient Irish Histories), Dublin: […] Society of Stationers, […] Hibernia Press, […] [b]y John Morrison, 1809, OCLC 22906028:
      out-lawes […] lurking in woods and fast places
    Synonyms: fortified, impenetrable
    Antonyms: penetrable, weak
  3. (of people) Steadfast, with unwavering feeling. (Now mostly in set phrases like fast friend(s).) [from 10th c.]
    • 1933, Will Hudson, Irving Mills and Eddy DeLange, “Moonglow”
      I still hear you sayin', "Dear one, hold me fast"
  4. Moving with great speed, or capable of doing so; swift, rapid. [from 14th c.]
    I am going to buy a fast car.
    Synonyms: quick, rapid, speedy
    1. (nuclear physics, of a neutron) Having a kinetic energy between 1 million and 20 million electron volts; often used to describe the energy state of free neutrons at the moment of their release by a nuclear fission or nuclear fusion reaction (i.e., before the neutrons have been slowed down by anything).
      Plutonium-240 has a much higher fission cross-section for fast neutrons than for thermal neutrons.
  5. Of a place, characterised by business, hustle and bustle, etc.
    • 1968, Carl Ruhen, The Key Club, Scripts, page 15:
      Sydney is a fast city, and the pace is becoming increasingly more frantic.
  6. Causing unusual rapidity of play or action.
    a fast racket, or tennis court
    a fast track
    a fast billiard table
    a fast dance floor
  7. (computing, of a piece of hardware) Able to transfer data in a short period of time.
  8. Deep or sound (of sleep); fast asleep (of people). [16th–19th c.]
    • c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act V, scene i]:
      Since his majesty went into the field, I have seen her rise from her bed, throw her nightgown upon her, unlock her closet, take forth paper, fold it, write upon’t, read it, afterwards seal it, and again return to bed; yet all this while in a most fast sleep.
    Synonyms: deep, sound
    Antonym: light
  9. (of dyes or colours) Not running or fading when subjected to detrimental conditions such as wetness or intense light; permanent. [from 17th c.]
    All the washing has come out pink. That red tee-shirt was not fast.
    Synonym: colour-fast
  10. (obsolete) Tenacious; retentive.
    • 1625, Francis [Bacon], “Of Gardens”, in The Essayes […], 3rd edition, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, OCLC 863521290:
      Roses, damask and red, are fast flowers of their smells.
  11. (dated) Having an extravagant lifestyle or immoral habits. [from 18th c.]
    a fast woman
    • 1852, John Swaby, Physiology of the Opera (page 74)
      […] we remember once hearing a fast man suggest that they were evidently "nobs who had overdrawn the badger by driving fast cattle, and going it high" — the exact signification of which words we did not understand […]
    • 1867, George W. Bungay, “Temperance and its Champions”, in The Herald of Health and Journal of Physical Culture‎, volume I, page 277:
      Had Senator Wilson won the unenviable reputation of being a fast man—a lover of wine, or had he shown himself to the public in a state of inebriety, unable to stand erect in Fanueil Hall for instance, leaning upon the desk to “maintain the center of gravity,” and uttering words that fell sprawling in “muddy obscurity” from lips redolent of rum, rendering it necessary for a prompter and an interpreter to sculpture his speech into symmetry for the public ear and the public press, he would have been pelted from his high office with the indignant ballots of his constituents.
    • 1979, Doug Fieger, "Good Girls Don't":
      You're alone with her at last / And you're waiting 'til you think the time is right / Cause you've heard she's pretty fast / And you're hoping that she'll give you some tonight.
  12. Ahead of the correct time or schedule. [from 19th c.]
    There must be something wrong with the hall clock. It is always fast.
    Synonyms: ahead, (as in “the clock is gaining x minutes per hour/day”) gain
    Antonyms: behind, slow
  13. (of photographic film) More sensitive to light than average. [from 20th c.]
Usage notes

In the context of nuclear reactors or weaponry, fission-spectrum neutrons (neutrons with the spectrum of energies produced by nuclear fission) are frequently referred to as fast neutrons, even though the majority of fission-spectrum neutrons have energies below the 1-million-electron-volt cutoff.

Synonyms
  • (occurring or happening within a short time): quick, rapid, speedy, swift
  • (capable of moving with great speed): see also Thesaurus:speedy
  • (rapidly consents to sexual activity): easy, slutty; see also Thesaurus:promiscuous
  • (firmly or securely fixed in place): see also Thesaurus:tight
Antonyms
  • (occurring or happening within a short time): slow
Derived terms
  • acid-fast
  • as fast as one's legs could carry one
  • at a fast clip
  • bad news travels fast
  • bedfast
  • come thick and fast
  • cragfast
  • don't drive faster than your guardian angel can fly
  • earthfast
  • fail-fast
  • fail fast
  • fast-acting
  • fast and furious
  • fast and loose
  • fast backward
  • fast blue optical transient
  • fast bowler
  • fast break
  • fast-breeder reactor
  • fast buck
  • fast busy signal
  • fast casual
  • fast company
  • fasten
  • faster than a minnow can swim a dipper
  • faster-than-light
  • faster than Minute Rice
  • fast-evolving luminous transient
  • fast-fashion
  • fast fashion
  • fast-flowing
  • fast follower
  • fast-food
  • fast food
  • fast-foodie
  • fast foodie
  • fast food music
  • fast-forward
  • fast forward
  • fast Fourier transform
  • fast-growing, fastgrowing
  • fast-handed
  • fast lane
  • fast mover
  • fast-moving
  • fastness
  • fast-neutron reactor
  • fast-paced
  • fast radio burst
  • fast reactor
  • fast rope
  • fast sheet
  • fast-tailed
  • fast-talk
  • fast-talker
  • fast times
  • fast track
  • fast-track
  • fast travel
  • fast yellow AB
  • go-fast
  • go-fast boat
  • go-faster stripe
  • go faster stripes
  • go nowhere fast
  • hard and fast
  • hard-and-fast
  • hold fast
  • in the fast lane
  • lightning fast
  • make fast
  • not so fast
  • play fast and loose
  • pull a fast one
  • semi-fast
  • stand fast
  • steadfast
  • talk fast and loose
  • thick and fast
  • think fast
  • tub-fast
  • ultra-fast fashion
  • ultrafast, ultra-fast
  • unfast
Translations
tenacious, retentive — see tenacious,‎ retentive

Adverb

fast (comparative faster, superlative fastest)

  1. In a firm or secure manner, securely; in such a way as not to be moved; safe, sound [from 10th c.].
    Hold this rope as fast as you can.
    • c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act II, scene v]:
      Shylock:
      […] Do as I bid you; shut doors after you:
      Fast bind, fast find;
      A proverb never stale in thrifty mind.
    Synonyms: firmly, securely, tightly
    Antonym: loosely
  2. (of sleeping) Deeply or soundly [from 13th c.].
    He is fast asleep.
    Synonym: deeply
    Antonym: lightly
  3. Immediately following in place or time; close, very near [from 13th c.].
    The horsemen came fast on our heels.
    Fast by the sturdy batsman the ball unheeded sped. / That ain't my style, said Casey. Strike one, the umpire said.
  4. Quickly, with great speed; within a short time [from 13th c.].
    • 2013 August 17, “Pennies streaming from heaven”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8849:
      Faster than a speeding bit, the internet upended media and entertainment companies. Piracy soared, and sales of albums and films slid. Newspapers lost advertising and readers to websites. Stores selling books, CDs and DVDs went bust. Doomsayers predicted that consumers and advertisers would abandon pay-television en masse in favour of online alternatives.
    Do it as fast as you can.
    Synonyms: quickly, rapidly, speedily, swiftly
    Antonym: slowly
  5. Ahead of the correct time or schedule.
    I think my watch is running fast.
    Synonym: ahead
    Antonym: behind
Translations
ahead of the correct time or schedule

Noun

fast (plural fasts)

  1. (Britain, rail transport) A train that calls at only some stations it passes between its origin and destination, typically just the principal stations
    Synonyms: express, express train, fast train
    Antonyms: local, slow train, stopper
Translations
train that only calls at some stations — see express

Interjection

fast

  1. (archery) Short for "stand fast", a warning not to pass between the arrow and the target
    Antonym: loose
Translations

Etymology 2

From Middle English fasten, from Old English fæstan (verb), Old English fæsten (noun) fromProto-Germanic *fastāną (“fast”), from the same root as Proto-Germanic *fastijaną (“fasten”), derived from *fastuz, and thereby related to Etymology 1.The religious sense is presumably introduced in the Gothic church, from Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 (fastan, “hold fast (viz. to the rule of abstinence)”). This semantic development is unique to Gothic, the term glosses Greek νηστεύω (nēsteúō), Latin ieiuno which do not have similar connotations of "holding fast".The feminine noun Old High German fasta likely existed in the 8th century (shift to neuter Old High German fasten from the 9th century, whence modern German Fasten).The Old English noun originally had the sense "fortress, enclosure" and takes the religious sense only in late Old English, perhaps influenced by Old Norse fasta.The use for reduced nutrition intake for medical reasons or for weight reduction develops by the mid-1970s, back-formed from the use of the verbal noun fasting in this sense (1960s).

Verb

fast (third-person singular simple present fasts, present participle fasting, simple past and past participle fasted)

  1. (intransitive) To practice religious abstinence, especially from food.
    • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, 2 Samuel 12:21:
      Thou didst fast and weep for the child.
    • 1671, John Milton, “The First Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: […] J. M[acock] for John Starkey […], OCLC 228732398, page 2:
      Fasting he went to sleep, and fasting waked.
    • 1677 George Fox, The Hypocrites Fast and Feast Not God's Holy Day, p. 8 (paraphrasing Matthew 6:16-18).
      And is it not the Command of Christ, that in their Fast they should not appear unto men to fast?
    • 2007, John Zerzan, Silence, page 3:
      It is at the core of the Vision Quest, the solitary period of fasting and closeness to the earth to discover one's life path and purpose.
  2. (intransitive) To reduce or limit one's nutrition intake for medical or health reasons, to diet.
    • 1977 Suza Norton, "To get the most benefit from fasting use a body-building diet", Yoga Journal, Jul-Aug 1977, p. 40.
      The ideal would be to fast in a situation where you are not tempted by food
    • 1983 Experimental Lung Research, Volumes 5-6, Informa healthcare, p. 134.
      After the equilibration period, the rats designated for deprivation studies were made to fast for 24, 48, 72, or 96 hr according to experimental design.
  3. (transitive) (academic) To cause a person or animal to abstain, especially from eating.
    • Walker et al. (2007)
      At 11 weeks of age, all mice were fasted overnight and underwent gallbladder ultrasonography to determine ejection fraction.
    • Semick et al. (2018)
      Kittens, when fasted overnight, were not hypoglycemic (<60 mg/dl).
Translations

Noun

fast (plural fasts)

  1. The act or practice of fasting, religious abstinence from food
    • 1677 George Fox, The Hypocrites Fast and Feast Not God's Holy Day, p. 8 (paraphrasing Matthew 6:16-18).
      And is it not the Command of Christ, that in their Fast they should not appear unto men to fast?
    • 1878 Joseph Bingham , The Antiquities of the Christian Church vol. 2, p. 1182.
      anciently a change of diet was not reckoned a fast; but it consisted in a perfect abstinence from all sustenance for the whole day till evening.
  2. One of the fasting periods in the liturgical year
    • 1662 Peter Gunning, The Holy Fast of Lent Defended Against All Its Prophaners: Or, a Discourse, Shewing that Lent-Fast was First Taught the World by the Apostles (1677 [1662]), p. 13 (translation of the Paschal Epistle of Theophilus of Alexandria).
      And so may we enter the Fasts at hand, beginning Lent the 30th. day of the Month Mechir
Derived terms
  • breakfast
  • break one's fast
  • fast day
Translations
fasting — see fasting

References

  • fast in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911
  • fast at OneLook Dictionary Search

Anagrams

  • AT&SF, ATFs, ATSF, FTAs, SAFT, TAFs, afts, fats, tafs

Catalan

Etymology

From Latin fāstus (“pride, arrogance”).

Pronunciation

  • (Balearic, Central, Valencian) IPA(key): /ˈfast/

Noun

fast m (plural fasts or fastos)

  1. pomp
  2. luxury
  • fastuós

Further reading

  • “fast” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

Danish

Etymology 1

From Old Norse fastr, from Proto-Germanic *fastuz; see it for cognates and further etymology.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /fast/, [fasd̥]

Adjective

fast

  1. firm
  2. solid
  3. tight
  4. fixed
  5. permanent
  6. regular
Inflection
Inflection of fast
PositiveComparativeSuperlative
Common singularfast——2
Neuter singularfast——2
Pluralfaste——2
Definite attributive1faste——
1) When an adjective is applied predicatively to something definite, the corresponding "indefinite" form is used.
2) The "indefinite" superlatives may not be used attributively.
Derived terms
  • fastansat
  • fasthed
  • fastlægge
  • fastsætte

Etymology 2

From German fast (“almost, nearly”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /fast/, [fasd̥]

Adverb

fast

  1. (dated) almost, nearly
    Synonyms: næsten, omtrent

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /faːst/, [fæːˀsd̥]

Verb

fast

  1. imperative of faste

German

Etymology 1

From Old High German fasto, compare fest. Cognate with English adverb fast. Compare Dutch vast.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /fast/
  • audio (Austria)(file)
  • Homophone: fasst

Adverb

fast

  1. almost; nearly
    Fast 60 Spielfilme sind zu sehen. ― There are almost 60 feature films to see.
    Synonyms: beinahe, knapp, nahezu
    Antonym: ganz
  2. (in a negative clause) hardly
    Synonym: kaum
  3. (obsolete) extremely, very much
    • 1545, Martin Luther, et al., Biblia, Hans Lufft, Gen 12:14
      ALs nu Abram in Egypten kam / sahen die Egypter das Weib / das sie fast schön war.
      Now as Abram came into Egypt, the Egyptians saw the woman, that she was extremely beautiful.

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /faːst/

Verb

fast

  1. inflection of fasen:
    1. second/third-person singular present
    2. second-person plural present
    3. plural imperative

Further reading

  • “fast” in Duden online
  • “fast” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
  • Friedrich Kluge (1883), “fast”, in , John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891

Icelandic

Adverb

fast

  1. strongly, with force
    að slá einhvern fast ― to strike someone with force

See also

  • fastur

Middle English

Etymology

From Old English fæst.

Adverb

fast

  1. fast (quickly)

Descendants

  • English: fast

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology 1

From Old Norse fastr, from Proto-Germanic *fastuz; see it for cognates and further etymology.

Adjective

fast (neuter singular fast, definite singular and plural faste)

  1. solid, steady, firm, fixed, permanent
    fast telefon ― fixed phone
Derived terms
Terms derived from fast

Verb

fast

  1. imperative of faste

References

  • “fast” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse fastr, from Proto-Germanic *fastuz; see it for cognates and further etymology. Akin to English fast.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /fɑst/

Adjective

fast (indefinite singular fast, definite singular and plural faste, comparative fastare, indefinite superlative fastast, definite superlative fastaste)

  1. solid, steady, firm, fixed, permanent, stuck

Derived terms

  • fastland
  • fastmontert
  • fastsette
  • fastslå
  • landfast
  • syrefast

References

  • “fast” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old Saxon

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *fastī, from Proto-Germanic *fastuz; see it for cognates and further etymology.

Adjective

fast

  1. solid, firm

Declension

Positive forms of fast
Strong declension
gendermasculinefeminineneuter
casesingularpluralsingularpluralsingularplural
nominativefastfaste, fastafastfastafastfast, fasta
accusativefastan, fastenfasta, fastefastafastafastfast, fasta
genitivefastes, fastasfastaro, fastoro, fasterofastara, fastarofastaro, fastoro, fasterofastes, fastasfastaro, fastoro, fastero
dativefastumu, fastum, fastun, fastun, faston, fasten, fastanfastun, faston, fastumfastaro, fastaru, fastarafastun, fastonfastumu, fastum, fastun, fastun, faston, fasten, fastanfastun, faston, fastum
Weak declension
gendermasculinefeminineneuter
casesingularpluralsingularpluralsingularplural
nominativefasto, fastafaston, fastunfasta, fastefaston, fastun, fastanfasta, fastefaston, fastun
accusativefaston, fastanfaston, fastunfastun, faston, fastanfaston, fastun, fastanfasta, fastefaston, fastun
genitivefasten, fastanfastono, fastenofastun, fastan, fastenfastonofasten, fastanfastono, fasteno
dativefaston, fasten, fastanfaston, fastunfastun, fastanfaston, fastunfaston, fasten, fastanfaston, fastun


Romanian

Etymology

From French faste.

Noun

fast n (uncountable)

  1. splendour, pomp

Declension

declension of fast (singular only)
singular
n genderindefinite articulationdefinite articulation
nominative/accusative(un) fastfastul
genitive/dative(unui) fastfastului
vocativefastule

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Swedish faster, from Old Norse fastr, from Proto-Germanic *fastuz; see it for cognates and further etymology.

Pronunciation

  • audio(file)

Adjective

fast

  1. caught (unable to move freely), captured
    Bankrånaren är nu fast.
    The bank robber has now been caught (by the police).
  2. fixed, fastened, unmoving
    Ge mig en fast punkt, och jag skall flytta världen.
    Give me one fixed spot, and I'll move the world.
  3. firm, solid (as opposed to liquid)
    Den är för vattnig. Jag önskar att den hade en fastare konsistens.
    It's too watery. I wish it had a firmer consistency.
    fasta tillståndets fysik
    solid state physics
  4. although (short form of fastän)
    Det gick bra, fast de inte hade övat i förväg.
    It went well, although they hadn't practiced in advance.

Declension

Inflection of fast
IndefinitePositiveComparativeSuperlative2
Common singularfastfastarefastast
Neuter singularfastfastarefastast
Pluralfastafastarefastast
Masculine plural3fastefastarefastast
DefinitePositiveComparativeSuperlative
Masculine singular1fastefastarefastaste
Allfastafastarefastaste
1) Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.
2) The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative.
3) Dated or archaic
  • fastna
  • fäst
  • fästa
  • fäste

Adverb

fast

  1. fixed, firmly, steadily (synonymous to the adjective)
    att sitta fast ― to be stuck
    att sätta fast ― to attach
  2. (obsolete) almost, nearly
    och hade bedrifvit underslef af fast otrolig omfattning ― and had committed embezzlement of an almost unbelievable extent.

Conjunction

fast

  1. although, even though
    Farsan löper också bra, fast inte lika fort. ― Dad also runs well, although not as fast.
  • fastän
  • fast å andra sidan

Anagrams

  • fats, saft, staf
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