excaldo
Latin
Etymology
From ex- + caldus (“hot”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix), the second element from earlier calidus.
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ekˈskal.doː/, [ɛkˈs̠käɫ̪d̪oː]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ekˈskal.do/, [ekˈskäl̪d̪o]
Verb
excaldō (present infinitive excaldāre, perfect active excaldāvī, supine excaldātum); first conjugation
- (Late Latin) I wash or bathe in warm or hot water.
Conjugation
| Conjugation of excaldō (first conjugation) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | excaldō | excaldās | excaldat | excaldāmus | excaldātis | excaldant |
| imperfect | excaldābam | excaldābās | excaldābat | excaldābāmus | excaldābātis | excaldābant | |
| future | excaldābō | excaldābis | excaldābit | excaldābimus | excaldābitis | excaldābunt | |
| perfect | excaldāvī | excaldāvistī | excaldāvit | excaldāvimus | excaldāvistis | excaldāvērunt, excaldāvēre | |
| pluperfect | excaldāveram | excaldāverās | excaldāverat | excaldāverāmus | excaldāverātis | excaldāverant | |
| future perfect | excaldāverō | excaldāveris | excaldāverit | excaldāverimus | excaldāveritis | excaldāverint | |
| passive | present | excaldor | excaldāris, excaldāre | excaldātur | excaldāmur | excaldāminī | excaldantur |
| imperfect | excaldābar | excaldābāris, excaldābāre | excaldābātur | excaldābāmur | excaldābāminī | excaldābantur | |
| future | excaldābor | excaldāberis, excaldābere | excaldābitur | excaldābimur | excaldābiminī | excaldābuntur | |
| perfect | excaldātus + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | excaldātus + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
| future perfect | excaldātus + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | excaldem | excaldēs | excaldet | excaldēmus | excaldētis | excaldent |
| imperfect | excaldārem | excaldārēs | excaldāret | excaldārēmus | excaldārētis | excaldārent | |
| perfect | excaldāverim | excaldāverīs | excaldāverit | excaldāverīmus | excaldāverītis | excaldāverint | |
| pluperfect | excaldāvissem | excaldāvissēs | excaldāvisset | excaldāvissēmus | excaldāvissētis | excaldāvissent | |
| passive | present | excalder | excaldēris, excaldēre | excaldētur | excaldēmur | excaldēminī | excaldentur |
| imperfect | excaldārer | excaldārēris, excaldārēre | excaldārētur | excaldārēmur | excaldārēminī | excaldārentur | |
| perfect | excaldātus + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | excaldātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | — | excaldā | — | — | excaldāte | — |
| future | — | excaldātō | excaldātō | — | excaldātōte | excaldantō | |
| passive | present | — | excaldāre | — | — | excaldāminī | — |
| future | — | excaldātor | excaldātor | — | — | excaldantor | |
| non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
| present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
| infinitives | excaldāre | excaldāvisse | excaldātūrum esse | excaldārī | excaldātum esse | excaldātum īrī | |
| participles | excaldāns | — | excaldātūrus | — | excaldātus | excaldandus | |
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
| genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
| excaldandī | excaldandō | excaldandum | excaldandō | excaldātum | excaldātū | ||
Descendants
- Balkan Romance:
- Aromanian: scaldu ⇒ ascaldu, ascãldari
- Romanian: scălda, scăldare
- Italo-Romance:
- Italian: scaldare
- Neapolitan:
- Ausonia: scautà
- Matera: scallà
- Sicilian: scaudari, squadari
- North Italian:
- Rhaeto-Romance:
- Friulian: scjaldâ, sčhaldâ
- Rhaeto-Romance:
- Gallo-Romance:
- Franco-Provençal: éçhëuda (Annecy)
- Old French: eschauder, eschalder, escalder, escauder, ecauder; eschadier, eçcauder, eçcaudir
- Franc-Comtois: âchaudai
- Middle French: eschauder
- French: échauder
- Lorrain: échouder, étsouder
- Norman: écauder
- Walloon: hauder, hôder
- → Middle English: scalden, scalde, skalden, scolden, schalden, scholden
- English: scald
- Yola: scaul, scalte, scaulte
- Occitano-Romance:
- Catalan: escaldar
- Occitan: escaudar
- Ibero-Romance:
- Galician: escaldar
- Portuguese: escaldar
- Spanish: escaldar
- Insular Romance:
- ⇒ Sardinian: iscadda (“boiling water”)
References
- Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002), “excaldare”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 3: D–F, page 263
Further reading
- “excaldo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- excaldo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette