estre
See also: -estre
English
Etymology
From Old French estre (“state, plan”).
Noun
estre (plural estres)
- (archaic or obsolete) The indoor layout or plan of a castle.
- 1954, C. S. Lewis, The Horse and His Boy, Chapter 15, page 239,
- "And tomorrow, Cor," he added, "shalt come over all the castle with me and see the estres and mark all its strength and weakness: for it will be thine to guard when I'm gone."
- 1954, C. S. Lewis, The Horse and His Boy, Chapter 15, page 239,
See also
- estate
References
- estre in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913
Anagrams
- Ester, Reset, Steer, Trees, ester, re-est., reest, reset, retes, seter, steer, stere, teers, teres, terse, trees
Franco-Provençal
Etymology
From Latin sum (infinitive: esse). Compare with estar.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɛs.trə/
Verb
estre
- to be
Conjugation
Old Francoprovençal (Lyonnais, 13th and 14th centuries)| infinitive | estre or esser | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | estant | ||||||
| auxiliary | estre or aveir | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | está | está(e) | |||||
| plural | estás | está(e)s | |||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| indicative | je (j') | te (t') | il/el | nos | vos | ils/els | |
| present | sui, soi | es, esses | est | sumos, esmos, emos | estes | sont, sunt | |
| imperfect | ero | eres | ere, eret | eram, estiam | eraz, estiaz | erant, eirant, eront, erunt, estiant, estiont | |
| preterite | fui | fus | fu, fut | fumos | fustes | furont, fuiront, fueront | |
| future | serei | serés | sera, ert, iert | serem | sereiz | serant | |
| conditional | serin, serim | seriés | serit, serie, furet | seriam | seriaz | seriant, seriont, sariont, furant | |
| subjunctive | que je (j') | que te (t') | qu'il/el | que nos | que vos | qu'ils/els | |
| present | seio | seies | seit | seiam | seiez, seiz | seiant, siant | |
| imperfect | fusso | fusses | fust | fussaim, fussam | fusseiz, fussiz | fussant | |
| inchoative imperfect | fuso | fuses | fust | fusam | fuseiz | fusant, fusiant, furant | |
| imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — | |
| seies | seiem | seiz | |||||
Descendants
- Franco-Provençal: étre
See also
- estar
French
Alternative forms
- eſtre
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɛtʁ/
Audio (file)
Verb
estre
- Archaic spelling of être.
Conjugation
Conjugation of estre (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | estre | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | estant /e.tɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | esté /e.te/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | suis /sɥi/ | es /ɛ/ | est /ɛ/ | sommes /sɔm/ | estes /ɛt/ | sont /sɔ̃/ |
| imperfect | estois /e.tɛ/ | estois /e.tɛ/ | estoit /e.tɛ/ | estions /e.tjɔ̃/ | estiez /e.tje/ | estoient /e.tɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | fus /fy/ | fus /fy/ | fut /fy/ | fumes /fym/ | fustes /fyt/ | furent /fyʁ/ | |
| future | seroi /sə.ʁe/ | seras /sə.ʁa/ | sera /sə.ʁa/ | serons /sə.ʁɔ̃/ | serez /sə.ʁe/ | seront /sə.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | serois /sə.ʁɛ/ | serois /sə.ʁɛ/ | seroit /sə.ʁɛ/ | serions /sə.ʁjɔ̃/ | seriez /sə.ʁje/ | seroient /sə.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) | present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | sois /swa/ | sois /swa/ | soit /swa/ | soyons /swa.jɔ̃/ | soyez /swa.je/ | soient /swa/ |
| imperfect2 | fusse /fys/ | fusses /fys/ | fust /fy/ | fussions /fy.sjɔ̃/ | fussiez /fy.sje/ | fussent /fys/ | |
| (compound tenses) | past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | sois /swa/ | — | soyons /swa.jɔ̃/ | soyez /swa.je/ | — | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Anagrams
- ester, êtres, reste, resté, stère, stéré, terse, tersé
Hungarian
Etymology
est + -re
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈɛʃtrɛ]
- Hyphenation: est‧re
Noun
estre
- sublative singular of est
Middle French
Etymology
From Old French estre, from Vulgar Latin *essere, from Latin esse (“to be”), but with numerous conjugations also taken from Old French ester, from Latin stāre (“to stand”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɛːtrə/
Verb
estre
- to be
Conjugation
- Like Modern French être, highly irregular.
- Middle French conjugation varies from one text to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.
Conjugation of estre
| infinitive | simple | estre | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle1 or gerund2 | simple | estant | |||||
| compound | present participle or gerund of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | esté | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | ie (i’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ilz, elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | suis, suys, sui | es | est | sommes | estes | sont |
| imperfect | estois, estoys | estois, estoys | estoit, estoyt | estions | estiez | estoyent, estoient | |
| past historic | fus | fus | fut | fumes | fustes | furent | |
| future | seroi | seras | sera | serons | serez | seront | |
| conditional | serois, seroys | serois, seroys | seroit, seroyt | serions | seriez | seroient, seroyent | |
| (compound tenses) | present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que ie (i’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ilz, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | sois, soys | sois, soys | soit, soyt | soyons | soyez | soyent, soient |
| imperfect | fusse | fusses | fust | fussions | fussiez | fussent | |
| (compound tenses) | past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | sois, soys | — | soyons | soyez | — | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The present participle was variable in gender and number until the 17th century (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], Une esthétique nouvelle: Honoré d'Urfé, correcteur de l'Astrée, p. 179). The French Academy would eventually declare it not to be declined in 1679. | |||||||
| 2 The gerund was held to be invariable by grammarians of the early 17th century, and was usable with preposition en, as in Modern French, although the preposition was not mandatory (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], op. cit., p. 180). | |||||||
Noun
estre m (plural estres)
- being (creature, entity)
Quotations
- For quotations using this term, see Citations:estre.
Descendants
- French: être
- → Middle English: estre (“circumstance”)
Old French
FWOTD – 10 July 2013
Etymology
From Vulgar Latin *essere, from Latin esse. Not related to ester (< Latin stāre), but progressively confused with it.
Pronunciation
- (classical) IPA(key): /ˈɛstrə/
- (late) IPA(key): /ˈɛːtrə/
Verb
estre
- to be
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a third-group verb. This verb has irregularities in its conjugation. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
Conjugation of estre (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
| simple | compound | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | estre | avoir esté | |||||
| gerund | en estant | Use the gerund of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| present participle | estant | ||||||
| past participle | esté | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
| simple tenses | present | sui | es, ies | est | somes, esmes | estes | sont |
| imperfect | iere, ere, estoie, esteie | ieres, eres, estoies, esteies | iere, iereṭ, ere, ereṭ, iert, ert, estoit, esteit | eriiens, erions, estiiens, estiens | eriiez, estiiez, estiez | ierent, erent, estoient, esteient | |
| preterite | fui | fus | fu | fumes | fustes | furent | |
| future | ier, er, serai, estrai | iers, ers, seras, estras | iert, ert, sera, estra | iermes, ermes, serons, estrons | iertes, ertes, seroiz, sereiz, serez, estroiz, estreiz, estrez | ierent, erent, seront, estront | |
| conditional | seroie, sereie, estroie, estreie | seroies, sereies, estroies, estreies | seroit, sereit, estroit, estreit | seriiens, seriens, estriiens, estriens | seriiez, seriez, estriiez, estriez | seroient, sereient, estroient, estreient | |
| compound tenses | present perfect | Use the present tense of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | Use the preterite tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | Use the conditional tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
| simple tenses | present | soie | soies | soit | soiiens, soions | soiiez | soient |
| imperfect | fusse | fusses | fust | fussons, fussiens | fussoiz, fussez, fussiez | fussent | |
| compound tenses | past | Use the present subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
| — | soies | — | soiiens, soions | soiiez | — | ||
Quotations
- For quotations using this term, see Citations:estre.
Descendants
- Middle French: estre
- French: être
- Bourguignon: étre
- Franc-Comtois: étre
- Lorrain: être, estre, yestre
- Norman: ête
- Picard: ète
- Walloon: esse
See also
- ester