esfreer
Old French
Alternative forms
- effreer, affraer, affraier, effroier, esfroier
Etymology
Either from es- + freer (“to secure, secure the peace”), or from a Vulgar Latin *exfridāre, itself of the same Germanic origin (with the prefix ex- added), from a Frankish *friþu (“security, peace”), from Proto-Germanic *friþuz (“peace”), from *frijōną (“to free; to love”), from Proto-Indo-European *prāy-, *prēy- (“to like, love”).
Verb
esfreer
- (transitive) to scare; to frighten
- (reflexive, s'esfreer) to be scared; to be afraid
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. This verb has a stressed present stem esfroi distinct from the unstressed stem esfre. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
Conjugation of esfreer (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
| simple | compound | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | esfreer | avoir esfreé | |||||
| gerund | en esfreant | Use the gerund of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| present participle | esfreant | ||||||
| past participle | esfreé | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
| simple tenses | present | esfroi | esfroies | esfroie | esfreons | esfreez | esfroient |
| imperfect | esfreoie, esfreeie, esfreoe, esfreeve | esfreoies, esfreeies, esfreoes, esfreeves | esfreoit, esfreeit, esfreot, esfreeve | esfreïiens, esfreïens | esfreïiez, esfreïez | esfreoient, esfreeient, esfreoent, esfreevent | |
| preterite | esfreai | esfreas | esfrea | esfreames | esfreastes | esfreerent | |
| future | esfreerai | esfreeras | esfreera | esfreerons | esfreeroiz, esfreereiz, esfreerez | esfreeront | |
| conditional | esfreeroie, esfreereie | esfreeroies, esfreereies | esfreeroit, esfreereit | esfreeriiens, esfreeriens | esfreeriiez, esfreeriez | esfreeroient, esfreereient | |
| compound tenses | present perfect | Use the present tense of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | Use the preterite tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | Use the conditional tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
| simple tenses | present | esfroi | esfrois | esfroit | esfreons | esfreez | esfroient |
| imperfect | esfreasse | esfreasses | esfreast | esfreïssons, esfreïssiens | esfreïssoiz, esfreïssez, esfreïssiez | esfreassent | |
| compound tenses | past | Use the present subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
| — | esfroie | — | esfreons | esfreez | — | ||
Descendants
- Middle French: effrayer, effraer, effreer, effroyer
- French: effrayer
- Picard: effrayeu, èfroûyeu (Athois)
- Walloon: èwarer (Liégeois), sibarer, esbarer, sbarer
- → Middle English: affrayen, affraien; affrayed, affraied (pp.)
- English: affray
- English: afraid